damages the evaluation of a brand. Zaho, Zaho, and Helsen (2011) see that each brand manager must confront a product-harm. However, they noted that the crisis could be associated, sometimes, with opportunities rather than threats. From a financial perspective, Chen, Ganesan, and Liu (2009) recognized that the crisis could destroy the investors’ confidence and their willingness to continue funding the firms. By combining different views, this paper defines product-harm crisis as “a low probability event…
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