ORGANISATION OF THE BODY
TAQ 1
Light Microscope

Electron Microscope

The light Microscope uses compound lenses and light to magnify objects. The lenses used bend or refract light. This enables the objects beneath them appear to be closer.
These Microscopes are normally used within a a school setting and are cheaper to purchase and use. They are unaffected by magnetic fields. The use and preparation of material is quick and simple and only requires little expertise, it can observe natural colour.
This Microscope can magnify objects up to
2000x, its depth into the field is restricted compared to Electron. The resolution is the magnitude of the zoom, the clarity on this scope when zoomed affects how clear the image can be seen.

There are two types of Electron
Microscopes, one is a Scanning Electron
Microscope, it allows the person viewing to see things that are too small for the light microscope to pick up. This Microscope doesn’t use light waves to magnify objects, it uses negatively charged electrical particles (electrons). The are large and can only be operated in special rooms, they are affected by magnetic fields and only function in black and white and needs considerable expertise to operate.
The Second is The Transmission Electron
Microscope, it still uses electrons, but instead of scanning the surface of an object, the electrons are passed through very thin specimens to see the image.
Commonly used by scientists. It can magnify objects up to two million times with a high resolution making the clarity very clear to the eye and makes it possible to investigate a greater depth of field.
Resolution means the greater the zoom, clarify is how clear a object can be seen.

Organelle

Function of Organelle

Ribosome

Ribosomes function to read the code represented by messenger to the RNA which is formed from the cell’s main DNA.
Proteins are synthesised from this code meaning the synthesis of all new proteins occurs from the ribosomes.

Chromatin

Chromatin’s main functions are to package
DNA into smaller volumes to fit in cells and to reinforce the DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis, the also prevent DNA damage and control expression and DNA replication. Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough

Has many general functions, it folds the protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and transports synthesised proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth

This is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum smooth is called this as it is not studded with ribosomes and is always associated with smooth slippery fats, for example cells in the testes, ovaries. It also carries out metabolism of carbohydrates, drug detoxification and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.

Flagella

The main role of the Flagellum is locomotion, it also has a function which is a sensory organelle, its sensitive to chemicals and temperatures outside the cell. It moves liquid past the surface of the cell, for instance single cells, sperm, enables them to swim.

Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus modified and sorts the packaging of proteins for secretion. It transports liquids around the cell and creates lysosomes. Cisternae are the sac and fold of the Golgi Apparatus.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria act as the power of the cell, they are organelles that work as a digestive system. They take in nutrients, break them down. They crete energy rich molecules for the cell itself. They help the cell to respire.

Organelle

Function of Organelle

Nucleus

The Nucleus’s main function is to control the gene expression and replication of DNA during a cell cycle.

Lysosome

The Lysosomes hold enzymes that have been created by the cell. Lysosomes digest things such as food, they also digest a cell and help with its breakdown after it has died. C,
Red Blood Cells (erthrocytes) , they are a Biconcave disc shape it has a high surface area to volume ratio, it contains haemoglobin for