Grammar

Nouns – the part of speech that names a person, place, or thing Thing: Ideas (freedom, recession, capitalism) Actions (competition, exercise, labor) Conditions (joy, health, happiness) Qualities (compassion, intelligence, drive)

Singular noun – One-person, place, or thing Plural noun – more than one-person, place, or thing Concrete noun – something you can see, touch, taste, hear etc. (Ex: chair, road, and flower) Abstract noun – something you cannot perceive through any of your five senses (Ex: hope, improvement, and happiness) Collective noun – names a group of people or things (Ex: army, class, troop, and faculty) Compound noun – a noun made up of two or more words functioning as a single unit. This type of noun can be written as separate words, hyphenated words or combined words. (Ex: life preserver, coffee table)

1. My class learned that European economic expansion was centered in Africa. Nouns:
a) Class – collective, concrete
b) Africa – concrete
c) Economic expansion – compound, abstract

2. Archduke Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. a) Archduke Ferdinand – concrete b) Austro-Hungarian – compound c) Throne – concrete d) Heir - abstract 3. I wore a life jacket when I swam in the ocean. a) Life jacket – compound, concrete, singular b) Ocean – concrete, singular

Common nouns – names anyone of a class of people, place, or things (Ex: leader, place, book, war, and mother) Proper nouns – names a SPECIFIC person, place, or thing (Capitalize) (Ex: New York, Jefferson, And Revolutionary War)

*Note: a noun used to describe a person’s role in a family can be either a common or a proper noun depending on how it’s used. A name used to indicate a person’s role is a common noun. A name used as a title before a personal name or as a direct address should be capitalized as a proper noun.

9/17/14

Pronoun – a word used to replace a noun (I, You, He, She, It, We, They)
Antecedent – is the word (a noun, pronoun or a group of words) that the pronoun replaces Ex: A CROWD gathered. Looking at the sea, THEY saw a whale swimming to shore They – Pronoun Crowd – Antecedent

Personal Pronouns – pronouns commonly used to refer to particular people, places and things.

First Person – I, me, my, mine (Singular) We, US, our, ours (Plural) Second Person – You, Yours, Your (Singular/Plural) Third Person – He, him, her, hers, it, its (Singular) They, them, their, theirs (Plural)

Types of Pronouns

Reflexive Pronoun – ends in self or selves and refers back to the subject of the sentence Ex: Houdini tied himself up Ex: He set himself on fire Ex: The girl argued with herself for over an hour

A reflexive pronoun is needed; if it is removed the sentence won’t make sense

Intensive pronoun – ends in self or selves and adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence. The pronoun is places right near the subject because it merely serves to emphasize that subject Ex: Jon Smith HIMSELF wrote an account of the meeting Ex: Did you YOUSELF make the cake? Ex: We went to hear the man HIMSELF speak.

An Intensive noun is not needed in the sentence, because it’s just meant to emphasize a point.

First Person – Myself (Singular) Ourselves (Plural) Second Person – Yourself (Singular) Yourselves (Plural) Third person – Himself, Herself, Itself (Singular) Themselves (Plural)

Demonstrative pronouns – Directs attention to a specific person, place or thing. The four demonstrative pronouns are: this, that (Singular) these, those (Plural) Ex: THAT is a beautiful HOUSE Ex: THIS is my COMPUTER Ex: THESE are my KEYS

Relative Pronouns – There are five relative pronouns, each refers back to its antecedent. The pronouns are: that, which, who, whom, and whose. Ex: We read a BOOK THAT contains a firsthand account of the Hurricane Ex: The WINTER, WHICH they knew would be harsh, was quickly approaching Ex: This is my FRIEND WHOM I met at