Chapter 1 1. Pastoral societies are often nomadic, following their herds. Agricultural societies, also domesticated animals. However, they remained in one place, and these societies often included a larger population with specialized workers. Also, they not only domesticated animals, but also plants. 2. Agriculture led to the development of several inventions, including pottery, which was used to store foods, metallurgy, which was used to make copper tools, and textile productions, which came about because of selective breeding, which resulted in some plants with very long fibers. 3. The villages were merely places where people lived together. The cities that grew from the villages were centers of political and military control. Also, it extended authority over land near them. Also, they influenced large regions, not just the city itself.
Chapter 2 1. Empires conquered many cities, and collected taxes from each former city state. City states, on the other hand, were in control of a smaller land area, compared to the empire. 2. The Indo-European migration resulted in the migration of several inventions, including chariots and iron metallurgy. It also resulted in the development of empires like the Hittites and Persians.
Chapter 3 1. There were not as many cities in the Nile River valley, compared to Mesopotamia. Yet when they did develop, Egypt was unified, just like Mesopotamia. 2. They were very similar. Both were very rigorous. However, instead of urban kings, the Egyptians all recognized