The continuous circular process in which the water of the Earth evaporates from the oceans, condenses, falls to the Earth as rain or snow, and eventually returns to the oceans through run-off in rivers or streams. Some water is absorbed by plants and returned to the atmosphere as vapor.
Precipitation occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore. The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow. Collection:
When water falls back to earth as precipitation, it may fall back in the oceans, lakes or rivers or it may end up on land. When it ends up on land, it will either soak into the earth and become part of the “ground water” that plants and animals use to drink or it may run over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers where the cycle starts all over again,
Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in rivers or lakes or the ocean and turns it into vapor or steam. The water vapor or steam leaves the river, lake or ocean and goes into the air. Do plants sweat? Well, sort of.... people perspire (sweat) and plants transpire. Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water out of their leaves. Transpiration gives evaporation a bit of a hand in getting the water vapor back up into the air Condensation:
Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. This is called condensation. You can see the same sort of thing at home... pour a glass of cold
Photosynthesis Worksheet 1. What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ( glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 O2 2. How does this compare to the overall reaction for cellular respiration? It is the reverse of the overall reaction for cellular respiration. 3. Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from? from sunlight 4. What plant pigments are involved in photosynthesis? chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids 5. Explain why chlorophyll appears green…
cells -Glucose: simple sugar made by plants in Calvin cycle (C6H12O6) Stages of Photosynthesis 1: Pigments capture energy from sun 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) -Energy stored in chemical bonds 3: ATP, NADPH and CO2 used to make glucose Stage 1: Photosystem 2 Thylakoid absorbs light Light energy transferred to chlorophyll H2O is split by an enzyme to make H+ and O2 H+ goes to the Calvin cycle, O2 is released (as the air we breathe) Stage 2: Photosystem…
important intracellular energy source. Glycolysis – The main pathway for the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid; also called Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Citric Acid Cycle – A pathway that converts two-carbon compounds to CO2, transferring electrons to NAD+ and other carriers; also called the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Electron Transport System (Chain) – A series of compounds that transfer electrons from one compound to another, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic…
where they acquire high energy. Glucose is instable, organized, less entropic and tends to decompose into CO2 and Water H2O. Carbon Oxygen CO2 and Water H2O are low-‐energy molecules because Oxygen retains the electrons at lower shell, which have less energy. Oxygen has a high…
processes life would not exist 3 Releasing Chemical Energy 4 Respiration Uses ‘Redox’ Reactions Carbons of Glucose are oxidized to CO2 a loss of electrons O2 is reduced to 2 H2O a gain of electrons 5 Respiration Has 4 Parts Glycolysis (Breakdown of Glucose) Cytosol Breakdown of Pyruvate Mitochondria Matrix Krebs Cycle Mitochondria Matrix Electron Transport Chain Mitochondria Inner Membrane 6 Glycolysis 6 Carbon Glucose is broken down to two 3 Carbon Pyruvate molecules This produces ATP…
+ 2 CO2 C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O This is not a clean and efficient process! Industrial acetic acid synthesis: CH3OH + CO CH3COOH Catalyzed by a rhodium complex. 3 Organometallic Chemi Acetic Acid synthesis CH3COOH HI CH3OH Moderately complex catalytic cycle: CH3COI H2O CH3I Rh(CO)2I2- MeCORh(CO)2I3- CO 4 MeRh(CO)2I3- MeCORh(CO)I3- Organometallic Chemi Acetic Acid synthesis HI This cycle is known in considerable detail: CH3OH CH3COOH H2O CH3I CH3COI oxidative addition…
reactions, NADPH intervene in the last step of the electron chain of the light reactions of photosynthesis, but also in the diminishing of CO2 in a carbon reaction, ATP is an important enzyme that provides energy for the cell in the light reaction. H2O provides electrons for light-dependent reactions. 5. The light reactions of cyclic photophosphorylation would produce ATP 6. Cyanobacteria gave rise to the chloroplasts of today’s plants and algae because cyanobacteria are the source of pigment…
molecule →1,3-biphosphoglycerate X2 7. A phosphate group from both molecules is removed to make ADP, ATP →3-phosphoglycerate 8. Mutase moves the phosphate group to the Carbon #2 for both molecules →2-phosphoglycerate 9. Removal of 1 H2O on both molecules →Phosphoenolpyruvate 10. Another phosphate group from both molecules is removed to make ADP, ATP →Pyruvate * After glycolysis, you are left with 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2H2O, 2NADH * What happens next depends on whether…
principal types of reactions. In the light-dependent reactions, which require the presence of light, energy from sunlight is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments (chiefly the green pigment chlorophyll) and used to bring about the photolysis of water: H2O ? 2H++2e-+½O2. The electrons released by this reaction pass along a series of electron carriers (see electron transport chain); as they do so they lose their energy, which is used to convert ADP to ATP in the process of photophosphorylation. The electrons…