Describe the layers of the Earth.
• Include elements
Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust
Oceanic (more dense) and Continental (less dense)
Elements in the Crust: oxygen, silicone, aluminum
Major type of rock found in crust: basalt
Greatest mass: mantle (68%)
Least mass: crust
Magnetic field found in outer core
How do scientists know what events occurred in Earth’s past?
Rocks petrology, etc….fill in later
•
When did reptiles appear on Earth?
Paleozoic
•
Human evolve?
Cenozoic
•
Land plants appeAr?
Paleozoic
•
There five mass extinctions (large numbers of creatures totally disappeared)
•
End Ordovician (ice age)
•
Late Devonian (oxygen disappeared from water) hydrogen sulfide produced by volcanoes
•
End Permian (most severe, 90% of all marine life disappeared due to volcanic eruption)
•
End Triassic (volcanic event)
•
End Cretaceous (meteorites)
•
Human Activity
Lithosphere and Plate Tectonics
• What is the lithosphere? What is the theory of plate tectonics?
Composed of the top part of the mantle and the crust.
7 major plates found here; movement called plate tectonics.
• What is subduction?
Sinking of the oceanic plate under the continental plate. Oceanic crust melts from magma and magma rises up
• Describe the three types of plate boundaries and what they form?
Convergent, divergent, and transform (cc, co, oo)
Volcanoes
• How are volcanoes formed? Where are most volcanoes found?
The Ring of Fire,
• Describe the four types of volcanoes.
Lava domes (layers of lava), composite (strato volcano, ash rocks and lava), cinder (small hill, explosive but w lava only), shield (like a hill but wider, lava flow is slow)
Major gases released; sulfer oxide and carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
Makes sulfuric acid when mixed w local water
Earthquakes
• What causes earthquakes? Where do most occur?
Transform boundary, ring of fire
• How is the magnitude of earthquakes measured?
Richter scale
• Where did the largest earthquake of the 20th century occur?
Chile, 9.5 magnitude
Rocks and Rock Cycle
• Describe how each type of rock is formed?
Igneous (erupting volcano)
Sedimentary (erosion and weathering)
Metamorphic (heat and pressure, transforms igneous and sedimentary)
• What external processes are important to the rock cycle?
Weathering, erosion, compression, uplift (come out from inside volcanoes) Soil Formation
• What the principle components of soil?
6; oxygen, dead organic material, air, silt and clay, water, sand and gravel, fauna and flora
• Summarize the formation of soil.
1 major process; weathering (physical and chemical) breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces, begins formation of soil along w accumulation of organic material
• What factors affect soil formation?
Climate, vegetation, time and human activity
• How do humans affect soil?
Farming; plowing and irrigation
Mining*** (2nd half of ch 14)
Use of fertilizers
Deforestation
Soil Profile
• Describe the horizons of soil
• How do grasslands(prairie), desert (no surface litter, low organic activity) and rainforest (thin and acidic, darker it is the richer in nutrients) soil profiles differ in terms of composition and productivity?
Grasslands thick organic rich in A layer (topsoil)
Soil Degradation
• What is soil degradation? What
Related Documents: Essay soil agriculture and earth systems review
Exam Review – Geography Grade 9 Chapter 2: MAPS 1) What is a map projection? What types of distortions do these projections create? 2) Describe and identify different types of maps General- Purpose Maps – provides many types of info on a map ex. Road maps& atlas maps Thematic Maps- show info on one particular topic or theme (specific info) Topographic Maps- use symbols to show features (examine the characteristics of a small area) Chapter…
Human Ecological Footprint and Sustainability of the Earth Nowadays, the human society thrives and prospers on the usage of Earth’s finite stock of nonrenewable resources (Rauch 2014). Although the current model of the human society does provide individuals a relatively comfortable lifestyle, such practice of resource consumption is not sustainable in the long run. Human’s increasing ecological footprint is directly damaging the sustainability of the Earth and affecting the wellbeing of future generations…
also our diminishing resources such as fresh water. Our planet is slowly being destroyed by the increasing population and its demands. World agriculture is currently faced with the challenge of feeding a rapidly increasing global population, predicted to peak at 9.2 billion by 2075 (FAO, 2006). In its efforts to meet our increasing food demands the agriculture is increased production and raised more livestock. Unfortunately as stated in West and Marland, 2002 the increased production resulted in increased…
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MID-YEAR EXAM REVIEW GUIDE Exam makeup: 100 multiple choice, 2 “free response essays” Tips for answering APES free response questions: 1. The following strategies were developed by faculty consultants to help you on exam day: 2. Before beginning to solve the free-response questions, it is a good idea to read them all to determine which ones you feel most prepared to answer. You can then proceed to solve the questions in a sequence that will allow you to perform your best…
BIO 121 Environmental Biology Review Sheet for Exam 2 Disclaimer: Please be aware that this guide is intended as review to assist you as you study for your exam. Please make sure to study the lecture notes in addition to the information in the textbook. This summary is my attempt to assist your studies, but it may be incomplete and includes only the main points of the material. Chapter 11 – Geology, Minerals, and Mining I. What is Geology? The study of earth’s physical features, processes, and…
Samantha Donathan Mr. Bretz Biology 112 April 18, 2013 Biodiversity Paper Biodiversity is the term used to describe the variety of life found on Earth and all of the natural processes. This includes ecosystems, cultural and genetic diversity, species diversity and the connections between these. Biodiversity conservation has become a major global concern throughout the recent decades. Human activities have made biodiversity losses increase, corrupted ecosystems and affected the climate.…
These changes will separate into both advantages and disadvantages on natural system and wildlife. This is because all kind of greenhouse gases can keep in the atmosphere at least a hundreds of years only will release all greenhouse gases and the increased warming on the climate will continuously very long times. 2.1Greenhouse…
ENV 1020 Summer 2012: Review for Exam 3 General – the test will be ~35 - 45 multiple choice and/or matching questions. This class is focused on general concepts and you do not have to get extremely detailed. The level of detail discussed in class and in the summary section at the end of each chapter will be sufficient. If you need to know specific examples (e.g., rain shadows, photosynthesis equation), it is stated below. If your notes and textbook do not explain things adequately for you…
change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as "global warming".[1] Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate…
from it are easily released in the available forms to be taken up by the plants from the soil system. The fast release characteristic of nutrients from inorganic fertilizers also opens the avenues for considerable losses. In greater amounts, these nutrients are being leached down with water, volatized in the air if it is nitrogenous, fixed by clay, fixed by macro as well as micro-organisms and go with eroded soil during run-off. Now, it is generally accepted that the inorganic fertilizers have low efficiencies…