with an added element of bias towards a federally protected class of people (Ickes & Kenworthy, 2013). Hate crimes are based on or motivated by elements such as gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, ethnicity, religion, age or disability (Ickes & Kenworthy, 2013). Hate crimes may include property crimes (like robbery), threats, harassment, intimidation or actual acts of physical violence such as physical assault, battery, sexual assault, rape, torture, attempted murder or murder (Liberman…
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