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Protein synthesis is a process of making proteins. There are several stages for protein synthesis, and the major processes are transcription and translation. Transcription is the step that copies the DNA code while translation is the step that tRNAs carry amino acids to the ribosome and join with their complementary codons in the cell, the combination of which becomes a protein.

RNA polymerase is a six- protein enzyme complex, which accomplishes three types of RNA function, which are mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA synthesis. mRNA is messager RNA that carries information for protein synthesis from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. rRNA is ribosomal RNA, which works as part of the ribosomes. Ribosomes are the places where the
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Effect of temperature on amylase activity in breaking down of starch

Introduction
Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of starch to sugars. It mostly functions in human body, food and beverage processing. It speeds up the breakdown of long chain starch molecules. In human body, amylase is usually been studied from saliva.

Aim
In this experiment, it is aimed to observe how temperature affects the rate of enzyme amylase activities on breaking down starch. With different temperature, the optimum temperature can be found.

Hypothesis
The rate of amylase reaction will increase gradually from 0°C to 40°C, which is the optimum temperature. After reaching the optimum temperature (40°C), the rate of amylase activity will decrease rapidly. This indicates that the enzyme starts to denature. After 50°C, the rate of amylase activity is low or even stops.

Study Method

Apparatus used during the experiment
1. A plastic tray
2. Test tubes x 14
3. Beakers (100ml) x 2
4. Pipettes (10ml)
5. Ceramic tiles x7
6. Stop watch
7. Thermometer x2
8. Water baths (from 0°C to
However, the optimum temperature for amylase should be 40°C as it is the closest to the human body temperature. There should not be a platform between 40°C to 50°C. As it was the optimum temperature, amylase works the best. It starts to denature after 40°C as its efficiency is getting lesser.

Discussion
In this experiment, the result is not quite accurate. At 50°C, amylase should be starting to denature. Therefore, the curve in the graph was not start declining from 50°C. There are some reasons for causing the imprecise result.

First, the equipment used during the experiment were not calibrated. The test tube may contain water droplets or water vapours or other chemical remains. These useless and extra water molecules will definitely affect the reaction of amylase. If more water inside, it takes longer time than other test tubes. This will influence the accuracy and reliability of the data collected. It is better to use tissue paper or put them on the test tube rack to dry completely and