Protein Synthesis
Alleles are pairs of genes found in certain positions in the chromosomes (see figure 1). Chromosomes are threadlike strands of DNA and protein. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of most living cells carrying genetic information in the form of genes (see figure 2). Alleles determine the genotype of an organism. The Genotype shows what alleles an organism has by letters either being upper or lower case (see figure 3). These DNA codings determine different traits that the parents can pass on to their offspring. A trait is a genetically determined characteristic. Half of a persons alleles come from the mom and the other half comes from the dad.
Working subunits of DNA are called genes. Every gene has a certain set of instructions with the coding of a specific protein. Genes are mainly used to make a specific protein or protein components for a cell. Also genes are used to pass those instructions to the next generation.
A protein molecule depends on how the amino acids are linked. An amino acid is the building block of a protein (see figure 4). The way the amino acids are sequenced gives the protein a code; which distinguished it from other proteins. Genetic code, located in the DNA, decides the code for the amino acid. The genetic code is made up of the order of nitrogenous bases in the DNA. A nitrogenous base is a molecule that has nitrogen and chemical properties of a base. DNA's nitrogenouse bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). RNA's nitrogenous bases are alike to the nitrogenous bases of DNA except for one nitrogenous base which is uracil (U) (see figure 5).
In order for protein synthesis to happen many matrials are needed. For example 20 amino acids, enzymes, DNA, and RNA are important for protein synthesis.
RNA is a nucleic acid that takes instructions from DNA into the cells cytoplasm where protein is made. RNA and DNA are very close related except for two differences. First, the carbohydrate in RNA is ribose and not deoxyribose. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compoumds like sugar and starch; it is a major source of energy to animals and plants. Second, RNA nucleotides consist of pyrimidine uracil instead of thymine. Nucleotides are made up of sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base. When nucleotides are joined together they form RNA and DNA.
In the process of making protein, three different types of RNA take place. One type is called ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomal RNA make ribosomes. Ribosomes are where the amino acids are linked together to produce protein. Ribosomes are located by the membranes of the endoplasfmic reticulum (ER) or in the cytoplasm of a cell (see figure 6).
In addition, to ribosomal RNA; there is also transfer RNA (tRNA). Transfer RNA is in the cells cytoplasm and carries amino acids to the ribosomes to make protein. When protein synthesis is occuring, enzymes link tRNA molecules to amino acids in an specific ordered way. For instance, tRNA molecule N will connect only to amino acid N; tRNA J will connect only to amino acid J.
The third type of RNA is messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA occurs in the nucleus, messenger RNA recieves the genetic code and takes it into the cytoplasm where protein is being made. In the DNA molecules, messenger RNA is manufactured. While mRNA is being made the genetic information from a DNA molecule is handed down to the mRNA molecule. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase performs mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA synthesis.
Transcription is one of the first processes in the making of protein. In transcription, a complementary strand of mRNA is created depending on the nitrogenious base code of DNA. To start, the enzyme RNA polymerase connects to a part of a DNA molecule in the double helix (a section of the DNA molecule unwinds itself leaving a gene for a protein exposed). While transcriptin is occuring one DNA strand is being used to make RNA and the other strand stays dormant. The enzyme RNA polymerase moves on the
(1a) Protein synthesis is a process of making proteins. There are several stages for protein synthesis, and the major processes are transcription and translation. Transcription is the step that copies the DNA code while translation is the step that tRNAs carry amino acids to the ribosome and join with their complementary codons in the cell, the combination of which becomes a protein. RNA polymerase is a six- protein enzyme complex, which accomplishes three types of RNA function, which are mRNA,…
unimportant factors concerning blood transfusions B) in gene therapy for cancer, the new gene spliced in will generate a protein (tumor antigen) which the immune system will use to identify/target the cancerous cells in the patient's body C) antibodies of the donor are what cause coagulation in the case of a botched (incorrect) blood transfusion D) antigens are surface protein markers on all cells (including bacteria) which allow the immune cells to determine self from non-self E) antibodies locate…
Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose structures are created from genetic instructions. Section Reference 1: Section 7.1 An Overview of Genetic Processes 2) Genes with different information at the same locus are called _____. a) chromosomes b) homologs c) plasmids d) alleles Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins whose structures are created from genetic instructions. Section Reference…
approximately 180 nm long and 75 nm wide. The rabies genome encodes five proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L). All rhabdoviruses have two major structural components: a helical ribonucleoprotein core (RNP) and a surrounding envelope. In the RNP, genomic RNA is tightly encased by the nucleoprotein. Two other viral proteins, the phospoprotein and the large protein (L-protein or polymerase) are associated with the RNP. The glycoprotein forms…
processing and coupling of transcription and translation Translation: 4 components, details of process, and inhibitors of translation, and application • Fig. 7-1: Flow of genetic information • transcription - DNA ( RNA • translation - RNA ( protein I. How transcription differs from DNA replication: 1. Uses RNA polymerase 2. RNA strands do not remain hydrogen bonded to the DNA template after being transcribed 3. Only one strand of the DNA molecule is transcribed for a specific…
Proteins Proteins are a class of organic compounds which are present in and vital to every living cell. In the form of skin, hair, callus, cartilage, muscles, tendons and ligaments, proteins hold together, protect, and provide structure to the body of a multi-celled organism. In the form of enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and globulins, they catalyze, regulate, and protect the body chemistry. In the form of hemoglobin, myoglobin and various lipoproteins, they effect the transport of oxygen and other…
virus that infects bacteria) Virus: An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope. 2. 1944, suggests DNA is genetic material 35S in protein, 32P in DNA The transforming material is DNA When proteins were labeled (batch 1), radioactivity remained outside the cells; but when DNA was labeled (batch 2), radioactivity was found inside the cells. Bacterial cells…
table: Animal Cell Number Cell Structure Description and Function 1 Nuclear Pore Microscopic channels that let certain substance in and out of the nucleus 2 Nucleolus Synthesizes components of ribosomes 3 Chromatin (DNA) Made up of DNA and protein. It is a lesser amount to fit into the cells. 4 Nuclear Envelope Regulates progress of material in and out of the nucleus 5 Nucleus Container for chromosomes 6 Centriole Synthesizes and organizes microtubules 7 Intermediate Filaments Cell shape…
the genetic information used to make RNA and proteins Domains of Life Archae Does not have a nucleus Prokaryote e.g. Methanococcus Bacteria No nucleus Prokaryotic E.g. E. coli Eukarya Has a nucleus Eukaryote E.g. amoeba, plant, human Types of cells Prokaryotic Lack a nucleus E.g. bacteria Eukaryotic Has a nucleus and various other organelles Macromolecules in Cells Nucleic Acids E.g. DNA, RNA Used for genetic material Proteins E.g. actins, polymerases Used for structures…
Biological Macromolecules: Four Classes Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids 1 Polymers • Most large biological molecules are polymers • An immense diversity of polymers can be built from just a small set of monomer building blocks • Simple parts build complex structures 2 Principles of Polymers • Polymer: a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits connected together • Polymer: poly=many; mer=unit or part • Most biological macromolecules are polymers • Monomer: unit or building block molecule…