Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoans
Prions
Description
Single celled prokaryotic organisms
Come in different shapes (bacilli, cocci and spirilla)
Can cluster together in pairs, chains or clusters
Very small (100nm wide)
Seen with an EM
They are not cells. They are nuclear material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
Eukaryotic organisms
Cell walls but no chloroplasts
Single celled eukaryotic organisms
Brain proteins that have been altered from their normal shape to an abnormal shape
How it causes disease
Reproduce quickly
Damage cells directly
Produce toxins which damage cells
Invade living cells, cause cells to reproduce the virus, kill the host cell to release new viruses
Opportunistic (usually people are not prone to fungal infection unless immunocompromised)
Invade, multiply and destroy tissue
Act as parasites living off human cells
Cause brain damage as abnormal proteins clump together
Cause other proteins to lose their normal shape which stops them from performing their normal function
Examples of diseases
Cholera
Food poisoning
Tonsillitis
Tuberculosis
Influenza
AIDS
Herpes
Polio
Thrush
Tinea
Ringworm
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Giardia
CJD
Kuru
FFI
Treatment
Antibiotics
Very difficult to treat
Treat symptoms
Anti-viral medications
Anti-fungal medications (creams, lotions, powders)
Anti-parasitic medications
Very for medications
No cure
Medications to slow the progress of the disease
The Pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoans
Prions
Description
Bacteria are single celled microbes. The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
Fungi can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms. They are found in just about any habitat but most live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material rather than in sea or
Approaches to studying bacterial host interactions What they really tell us www.inhabitat.com TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 2 HOST-BACTERIA INTERACTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 2.1 BENEFICIAL AND NON BENEFICIAL RELATIONSHIP………………………………………………………………………….2 3 DEFENSE SYSTEM: HOST AND BACTERIA……………………………………………………………………………………………..2 3.1 HOST DEFENSE SYSTEM………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Line Defenses ! Phagocytes attack after pathogens get through first line defenses " Macrophages: derived from monocytes and do most work ! ! Free Macrophages: roam through tissues Fixed Macrophages: permanent residents in particular organs " Neutrophils: most common WBC Phagocytosis ! Phagocytic mechanisms: " Phagocyte engulfs pathogens by using opsonins ! Compliment proteins allowing phagocytes to bind to pathogens (opsonization) " Ingestion: formation of phagolysosomes…
Keeping Food Safe 1-3 Chapter One – Keeping Food Safe 1-3 1-4 1 Challenges to Food Safety Cost of Foodborne Illness Challenges include: ! Time and money ! Language and culture ! Literacy and education ! Pathogens ! Unapproved suppliers ! High-risk customers ! Staff turnover Chapter One – Keeping Food Safe 1-4 1-5 Chapter One – Keeping Food Safe 1-6 How Foodborne Illnesses Occur Unsafe food is the result of contamination:…
infectious disease Zoonotic- transmission from animal to humans Animate Living Vectors Mechanical vector like fly flew from one cow to another carrying pus t got from that one cow-meaning he got his feet dirty Inanimate Call Fomites Non-living Tables, clothes, used needles Aerosolization INFECTION Definition: Invasion & multiplication of microorganisms in body tissue, especially causing cellular injury Entry Growth multiplying Activity Destroying normal tissue IN or ON an animal superficial…
methods can be used to establish a regular inspection program. Using checklists and flowcharts are just two ways to get started. Specify the top 10 regulations 1. Blood borne Pathogens – 1910.1030 Blood borne Pathogens are pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 2. Hazard Communication – 1910.1200 the purpose of this section is to ensure…
Fungi 5. Algae 6. Parasites Pathogens Disease causing any micro-orgaisim. Sterile Completely free of all micro-organisms and their spores. Non-pathogen Can not cause disease. Prophylaxis Prevention or protection from disease. Resistance Source Virulence The ability of an agent of infection to produce disease. QUESTION 2 Infection Invasion of a part of the body by a pathogenic micro-organisms which multiply in number. Opportunistic pathogen A micro-organism which causes disease…
are firly high fluctuations in the count but it does show an eventual rise in peptides count. This perhaps suggests that Nosema and the IIV work together to help cause CCD. The orange line representing the forager bees were infected with both the pathogens. It shows that the numbers died from 15.1 x 103 to 0.2 x 103 within a period of 14 days. This method is appropriate because an observation over a period of months would allow the scientist to see what their natural behaviour is like before the…
Coughs and colds, mumps and measles Antibiotics are no longer routinely used to treat infections for a number of important reasons Many infections are caused by viruses so antibiotics are not effective Even if the infection is bacterial, the use of antibiotics is unlikely to have much benefit in terms of speeding up the healing process and can cause unpleasant side effects The more antibiotics are used to treat trivial conditions the more likely they are to become ineffective in treating more…
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 EXPOSURE CONTROL PLAN 2 Exposure Determination Implementation Schedule and Methodology Compliance Methods HEPATITIS B VACCINE 5 Procedure for Exposure Incidents Exposure Notification Information and Training Record Keeping Training Signs LINEN PATHOGEN CONTROL PROGRAM 10 UNIFORM PATHOGEN CONTROL PROGRAM 11 RESIDENT CLOTHING PATHOGEN CONTROL PROGRAM 12 MEDICAL WASTE HANDLING PROCEDURE 13…
NASAL CARRIAGE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS: THE KEY TO PREVENTING STAPHYLOCOCCAL DISEASE II Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: the key to preventing staphylococcal d(sease Jan Kluytmans. Thesis Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands ISBN 90-9009776-7 NUGI742 Subject headings: Staphylococcus aureus; surgical site infection; epidemiology; mupirocin. Cover design by Dick Bezem Uthografie by DataLitho bY, Aalsmeer, The Netherlands Typografie by MegaSet by, Aalsmeer, The Netherlands…