MOTIVATION AND AFFECT
November 6, 2012 * Motivation affect our choices, our persistence, effort, affect and quality of engagement * 4 general approaches for motivation: 1. Behavioral/ operant theory 2. Humanistic/ Maslow’s hierarchy 3. Cognitive/ Goal theory 4. Social Cognitive/ Expectancy-Value theory 1. Behavioral approach * Operant conditioning - focus to explain behavior not cognitions, we will measure observable quantities - rewards/ punishments ( we can explain anything in ways of rewards and punishments) + it can be used to activate people -- Learning becomes a means to an end 2. Drive theory -primary needs, secondary needs triggers drive (intensity, persistence, how strong is the need) direction goals ( to solve a problem) how do we know you met your goal (HUMAN BEHAVIOR)
- primary needs – essential for human survival
- secondary or acquired needs – personally unique, once we have accomplished survival

3. Maslow/ Hierarchy of needs * Physiological ( breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion) * Safety (security of body, of employement, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health) * Love/belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy) * Esteem (self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others) * Self-actualization (morality, creativity, problem solving, vitality, self-sufficiency, playfulness, meaningfulness) * - Maslow worked with Harlow (rhesus monkey) * “basic needs” – seeking security when threatened (video we watched in class) – rhesus monkey runs to the cloth mother rather than the wired mother; * - Another video where monkey is put into an uncomfortable room, he doesn’t seek comfort when the wired mother is added to the room, but seeks comfort when the cloth mother is a part of the room; * - Seeking food and comfort * - Seeking security when threatened * - Using the mother as a secure base- you need to be able to do that in order to gather more information, to explore your environment; * Maslow’s hierarchy of needs divided into 2 bigger groups: 1. Deficiency needs ( physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging need, esteem needs); correspond to primary needs; grow stronger when unsatisfied; you