Interphase
In this stage, the cell is preparing for the M Phase (Mitosis). The cell is continuously making RNA, producing protein, and growing. Interphase is broken into 4 parts: G0, G1, S, and G2. In G0, the cell leaves the cycle to stop its division. This period may be permanent, temporary or never happen at all. In G1, the cells grow and make RNA and protein. This phase is the midway between mitosis and the beginning of DNA replication. During G1, certain intracellular parts are replicated and the cell monitors itself in preparation for DNA replication in the S phase. The S Phase stands for synthesis and is characterized by the replication of DNA in the form of chromosomes. Through this, each cell created by cell division should have the same genetic makeup. Cell growth continues in the S Phase and so does the production of proteins associated with DNA synthesis. After the S Phase is the G2 Phase. G2, like G1, is an intermediate. G2 separates the S Phase and cell division to ensure that the S Phase has been completed correctly and monitor the cell. G2 is the last time the cell will grow before dividing.
Mitosis (M Phase)
Mitosis is the nuclear and cellular division of the cell to make two daughter cells. This phase is separated into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
Prophase: Chromosomes begin to form and the nucleolus disappears. The centrioles (small blue pairs of cylinders) begin moving to opposite ends of the cell and fibers form from the centromeres. Some of these fibers (microtubules) become part of the mitotic spindle which acts as the railway for the chromosomes to travel during separation.
Prometaphase: The chromosomes attach to kinetochores on the centromeres and the chromosomes begin moving on the microtubules.
Metaphase: The spindle fibers of the mitotic spindle move the chromosomes to the middle of the cell nucleus. This line is known as the metaphase plate. This phase is necessary to ensure that each daughter cell receives one of each chromosome.
Anaphase: The chromosome pairs separate from the center of the cell nucleus and begin moving to opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase: The separated chromosomes arrive at opposite sides of the cell. New membranes form around the new nuclei. The chromosomes are no longer visible as they spread out. The spindle fibers disperse.
Cytokinesis: A ring of a protein called actin forms around the cell with two daughter nuclei and contracts in the middle of the cell in order to cut the cell into two daughter cells with their own nucleus. Cytokinesis only occurs in animal cells.
Tumor Suppressor Genes p53: The function of the p53 gene is to prevent cells with damaged DNA from dividing and passing on their faulty DNA to daughter cells. When the cell monitors itself during the cell cycle (G1 and G2), the p53 gene will stop the cell cycle if there is damaged DNA detected. Also, the p53 gene can order a cell with damaged DNA to commit cell suicide, or apoptosis. If the p53 gene is mutated, then tumors can form due to the inability of the p53 gene to regulate cell division of cells with bad DNA.
BRCA1 and BRCA2: These are two tumor suppressor genes associated with cancer. They are mutated in a high percentage of cases of breast cancer and ovarian cancer in cases before age 45. BRCA1and BRCA2 both produce tumor suppressor proteins. These proteins help repair damaged DNA and, therefore, play a role in ensuring the stability of the cell’s genetic material. When either of these genes is mutated so that its protein product is not made or does not work correctly, DNA damage may not be repaired the right way. As a result, cells are more likely to develop additional genetic problems that can lead to cancer.
ATM: The ATM gene provides instructions for making a protein that is mostly located in the nucleus of cells, where it helps control the rate at which cells grow and divide. This
Management in June 2000. Before joining Sands Capital Management, he was a Research Analyst, Portfolio Manager, and Principal at Fayez Sarofim & Co. from August 1994 to June 2000. Frank M. Sands, Jr. has earned the right to use the Chartered Financial Analyst designation.” The close price went from $8.00 per share to $8.52 in five months. 3. Fidelity Advisor Leveraged Co Stk I (FLVIX) – I chose FLVIX because it is a mid-cap blend fund and I wanted diversity. It has a 4 star morning star rating…
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What is Financial Literacy and why does it matter? It is widely believed that lack of financial literacy in our society was a major factor in the recent financial crisis. Financial literacy in today’s world is almost as important as learning to read and write and one could argue that a student’s credit history is far more important to his or her future than grade point average. Yet most students come to college ill-prepared to manage their money. What is financial literacy? Financial literacy is the…
later? “Financial literacy is low; fewer than one-third of young adults possess basic knowledge of interest rates, inflation and risk diversification” (Lusardi 358). I am not sure of another skill that is more necessary, more important to lives of adults than the fundamental understanding of basic finance as it relates to an individual’s personal balance sheet. Understanding that if the number in the expense column is larger than the number in the income column is a recipe for financial ruin.…
inclusivity and a better standard of living for the masses. Traditionally, financial inclusions is described as “ the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to vast sections of disadvantaged and low income groups “ Whereas this paper explores inclusion as a broader concept of financial planning and saving which makes it important to keep in mind that financial inclusion does not restrict itself to credit : it includes financial knowledge, about banks and banking channels; and the advantages…
3 Practice Important of Setting He had never been jealous of him for a second, now he knew that there was never any rivalry between them. He was not the same quality as him. couldn't state that he the other leading around the Most americans have tested in Financial Literacy Programs and have gotten low scores determined on what they remember and how they applied their knowledge. Sam L. Baker a professor at Loyola Law School has described that teens handling investments will never understand nor will they be able to keep up with such a quick pace…
Foundations for Financial Success Volume 1, Issue 1, March 3, 2011 TABLE CONTENTS OF What is financial literacy and why is it important? Financial literacy is the ability to use knowledge and skills to manage financial resources effectively for a lifetime of financial well-being. More specifically, it refers to the set of skills and knowledge that allow an individual to make informed and effective decisions through their understanding of finances. Financial literacy involves a number of different…
Literacy Inequality Literacy disparity In the world there are huge disparities in literacy rates from country to country. Some states such as Mali are in a situation where under 30% of their citizens could read and write in 2008. This is compared to places like Canada where we have near 100% literacy amongst our people. “Literacy arouses hopes, not only in society as a whole but also in the individual who is striving for fulfilment, happiness and personal benefit by learning how to read…
richest cities in the world at the time. Kiyosaki, R. (2008). Increasing your financial IQ.pg 17, 19, 28, 177: Grand Central Publishing In pages 17-28 the author talks about how many people hope the government will solve their financial problems, then he goes into the five financial IQ’s which are making your money, protecting your money, budgeting your money, leveraging your money, and improving your financial IQ. On page 28 he explains the cash flow quadrant which is the four different types…
1113-25 10/1/14 What Literacy Means to Society Literacy is a term that describes an individual's ability to not only read and write, but also represents the ability to communicate and articulate thoughts and ideas effectively. By effectively doing so, the human race is able to thrive, live the "American Dream", and perpetuate a better life for its offspring. The concept of literacy means so much more than simply decoding the written word. In the most basic of forms, literacy is the lifeblood of…