companies. Lei, Dawar, and Gürhan-Canli (2012) recognized events as the crisis only if they resulted in consumer’s reaction or damage. Therefore, the crisis leads to lack of consumer’s trust and damages the evaluation of a brand. Zaho, Zaho, and Helsen (2011) see that each brand manager must confront a product-harm. However, they noted that the crisis could be associated, sometimes, with opportunities rather than threats. From a financial perspective, Chen, Ganesan, and Liu (2009) recognized that…
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