HOW DID THE AGE OF REVOLUTION CHANGE EUROPE
FORCES OF CHANGE:
Cultural/intellectual change:
Enlightenment:
Rosseau: believed the government should be based on general will; democracy
Growth of literacy
Economic changes:
Middle class- business men wanted political rights to match their economic status
Population explosion: after 1730, population rose dramatically
French population increased by 50 % ; British population increased by 100%
Why?
Better boarder controls limited the spread of diseases
New crops
Death rates dropped because of new medicines and knowledge (more cleanliness)
Population pressures forming improvements and industrialization
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE ESTATES:
1st estate: the clergy; 1% of the population; no taxes
2nd estate: the nobles; 2% of the population; almost no taxes
3rd estate: commoners; 97% of the population; paid all of the taxes
Middles class- 20%
Poor- 80%
WHO CAUSED THE REVOLUTION?
1) Nobility/ clergy
2) Monarchy
3) Middle class
4) Poor
5) Enlightenment thinkers
6) Circumstance (Combination of all)
SHORT TERM PROBLEMS:
Economic: French debt from fighting 3 wars
Bad harvests in 1788 and 1789 price of food increased
Political: unfair representation in the Estates General
3rd estate had almost no power wanted equal representation
Social: large younger generation – 30% of the population was under 21 more rebellious
FIRST STAGE OF THE REVOLUTION:
Fall of the estates general
3rd estate beaks free (leaves Versailles)
Met in an indoor tennis court
Tennis court oath – middle class wanted a fair constitution
National assembly put it together
Storming (attacking) of the Bastille: July 14th, 1789
Declaration of the rights of MAN- men are equal under the law and have certain rights : life, liberty, property, security, and resistance
Constitution of 1791:
Moderate- king as constant monarch – limited power
Legislature- limited elections (only the wealthy could vote)
Many people hated it (including Louis XVI)
War with Austria, Prussia, and England
RADICAL PHASE OF THE REVOLUTION:
War put huge strains of French people
Under pressure new temporary government : Committee for Public Safety
Maximillian Robespierre Louis executed Jan 1793
Established strict economic (price controls)
Levee en Masse (raise the masses) – 850,000 man army
Reign of terror: 1793-1794
20,000-40,000 people executed by 1794, the war started to turn in France’s favor
July 1794- Robespierre arrested and executed
CONSTITUTION OF 1795
The directory was established
HOW WAS EUROPE CHANGED BY NAPOLEON?
POST REVOLUTION FRANCE: (after the Constitution of 1795)
Directory: 5 man executive branch
Ineffective and corrupt
Supported the military to stay in power
Napoleon Bonaparte: 1762-1821
Very successful as a leader 23 year old general
Married Joesphine de Beauharnias-
Had connections to the government
1797: Italian campaign made Napoleon a hero in France
Overthrows the directory -1799
Napoleon was the first consul of France
1800- becomes first consul for life
1804- becomes emperor of France- Crowned himself
Achievements:
1) Confederation of the Rhine/ German states put together
2) Code of Napoleon
3) Lycees- first public school poor can be educated
4) ** Spread of nationalism mixed with militarism
Fall:
Russian violation of the Continental system
Invasion of Russia 1812 : army size goes from 500,000 to 10,000
1814- defeated by the Quadruple Alliance
Return of Louis XVI:
Isle of Elba
100 day return
Battle of Waterlog, 1815
Exiled to St. Helena
RISE OF CONSERVATISM:
Conservative beliefs:
The government should have a lot of power
Tradition is good; change must be slow, not sudden
Conservatism did not appeal to the underprivileged
Congress of Vienna: 1815
Very conservative in reaction to Napoleon, who was liberal
Maintain the balance of power
“Status quo”- redrew the map of Europe
Supported the monarchy and church
REACTIONS TO THE
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