Compared and Contrasted Learning Theories
Andrew Albert
Northwestern Connecticut Community College
Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts Ivan Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning, B.F. Skinners theory of operant conditioning, and Albert Bandura’s theory of social learning researched both offline (Text book) and online (Internet). This paper is going to show similarities between all three theories and the differences. This paper is also going to place into perspective with our modern society how these theories are practiced in day to day life.
Ethical Genetic Studies There are many theories based on how we as humans learn from the moment we are born. Through this paper we are going to only focus on a small group of theories and how they are similar and different, and how we apply these theories to our everyday lives. The theories that we are going to explore are the theory of classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov, the theory of operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner and the theory of social learning by Albert Bandura. Ivan Pavlov’s theory of classical condition is “a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.” (Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Learning Theories). In Pavlov’s experiments he was using dogs to find the role of saliva in the digestive process, but realized by accident that the dogs’ reactions to the trainers changed over time to realize that they were about to be fed before they were actually fed. The dogs came to realize that by certain actions of the trainers that food was present or about to be present. There was a clicking that the machine produced before the meat powder was released. Pavlov being intrigued with these findings introduced a bell which began as a neutral stimulus into his experiment. When the bell first rang there was no response, but over time as the bell was rang before the dogs received food, the dogs then began to realize that the bell meant food was to follow. In Pavlov’s experiments the food is the unconditioned stimulus, the dog’s salivation is the unconditioned response, the bell becomes the conditioned stimulus which in turn produces the conditioned response of salivation. B.F. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning is based on the theory that “the organism, while going about its everyday activities, is in the process of “operating” on the environment. In the course of its activities, the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply a reinforcer. The special stimulus has the effect of increasing the behavior occurring just before the reinforcer. This is operant conditioning.” (Theories of Learning in Educational Psychology, Sunny Cooper). Based on Skinner’s theory the independent variable is the schedule of reinforcement which means that different schedules for reinforcement have different results on what affect you are expecting out of the training. The dependent variables include the acquisition rate which is how quickly an animal can be trained as a function of the reinforcement, the rate of response, which is the rate in which an animal will learn based on the schedule of reinforcement, and the extinction rate, which is the rate for the operant response to stop following the stopping of a reinforcement. There are a lot of nuances to Skinner’s operant conditioning theory. Albert Bandura’s social learning theory is based on the “importance of observational learning, imitation and modeling. His theory integrates a continuous interaction between behaviors, cognitions and the environment.” (Bandura Biography, Cherry, K). Bandura’s theories were based on the thought that you need no encouragement or counseling to form your own actions. In his most famous experiment, children were shown a video of a woman “beating up” a Bobo doll. The children were then placed in a room with Bobo dolls and given no
Related Documents: Compared Learning Theories Essay example
ADULT LEARNING CONCEPTS Brittney Wallop INFT 101-70B LUO February 21, 2013 Summary In today’s world many people believe that adult learning is one of the most debated topics. In this report there will be three centuries of research on adult learning theories. There will also be information about how we as human beings can use games as a means of learning. Some researchers will even argue about how adult learning is a multidimensional phenomenon. Adult learning in many ways will keep several…
Learning Approach to Personality Theories Teresa Liles PSY211 November 26, 2012 Dale Ironson, Ph.D. Learning Approach to Personality Theories Small children imitate their parents or older siblings by dressing up in their clothing, wearing shoes that are far too big, putting on make-up, or fake shaving with items that are not sharp. This behavior can be characterized by Bandura’s social learning theory, that people, not only children, learn behaviors by observing those around them. Bandura…
Organizational learning was then studied organization using the perspectives of psychology or behavioral science, or using the various lenses of political, economic and social. This paper will provide a summary and critique of the four leading theories on organization. Argyris and Schon’s Organizational Learning II Chris Argyris was a business theorist with background on psychology and economics. His research on individual behavior and research provided foundation for future studies on learning organizations…
mistrust. “The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life”(Cherry, n.d.) OBSERVATION OF CHILD ‘S INTERACTION WITH ANOTHER CHILD During the session, the child older three year old female cousin…
study of cognitive development. His contributions include a theory of cognitive child development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s work, the common assumption in psychology was that children are merely less competent thinkers than adults. Piaget showed that young children think in strikingly different ways compared to adults. According to Piaget, children are born with a very…
Howard Gardner: A Look into the Theories of Multiple Intelligences. Nixel Vasquez EDF1005 M W 8 am – 9:15 am Abstract Howard Gardner changed the way people see education. Before he came along with the theories of multiple intelligences, teachers assumed all students learned the same way. If a student did not understand or had some difficulties learning that student was categorized as stupid or retarded. Howard Gardner defines intelligence as “the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products…
responses to provocation or aversive stimulation.” (Michael A. Hogg & Joel Cooper, 2003) Another major biological factor is genetics. In 1985 McGuffin and Gottesman studied aggression and compared identical twins to fraternal twins and found a concordance rate of 87 percent for aggression in identical twins, compared with 72 percent in fraternal twins. This led them to the conclusion that genes play a large role in aggressive behavior. Another commonly asked question is if exposure to aggressive…
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Audrey Rawlinson, Laura Morgan, Rachel Rosenthal, Katherine Zboch, Alex Mainardi Concordia University Audrey Rawlinson Albert Bandura is a well-known and highly respected physiologist born in 1925 in a small town in Edmonton. Bandura is ranked the fourth most influential psychologist in the world, right behind Skinner, Piaget, and Freud. His interest in psychology began by fluke, when he was in the library at school looking through a course pamphlet…
Learning Theory Matrix and Summary John A. Pustinger University of Phoenix Learning Theory Matrix and Summary Learning theories provide many benefits within the educational arena. The dedicated academic magnet schools derive usefulness from the learning theories as identified within the Learning Theory matrix. As the students enrolled within this school setting are above average in most categories, the utilization of various learning theories provides a framework for creating a learning environment…
Task b2 Cognitive Jean Piaget theory describes the stages of normal intellectual development. Piaget recorded the intellectual development and activities of infants, children and adults. Piagets four stages of intellectual development are, sensorimotor (18-24 months), preoperational (age 7), concrete operational (age 7-12) and formal operational (through adulthood semester)(. Sensorimotor stage shows how infants are only aware of what is in front of them, what they see, doing and physical. They…