Chapter 13
13.1
Kinetic energy- The energy an object has because of its motion.
Kinetic theory- All matter consists of tiny particles that are in constant motion.
-Particles in a gas are small, hard spheres with an insignificant volume.
-The motion of the particles in a gas is rapid, constant, and random.
-All collisions between particles are perfectly elastic. Kinetic energy is transferred without loss from particle to particle. The total kinetic energy is constant.
Gas pressure- Results from the force exerted by a gas per unit surface of an object.
-Gas pressure is the result of billions of rapidly moving particles colliding.
Vacuum- An empty space with no particles and no pressure.
Atmospheric pressure- The collisions of atoms and molecules in air with objects. Atmospheric pressure decreases as you increase in elevation.
Barometer- A device used to measure atmospheric pressure.
-1atm = 760mm Hg = 101.3 kPaPascal (Pa)- The SI unit of pressure.
Standard atmosphere (atm)- The pressure required to support 760 mm of Hg in a mercury barometer at 25 degrees Celsius.
-The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is directly related to the substance’s temperature.
13.2
-The interplay between the disruptive motions of particles in a liquid and the attractions among particles determine the physical properties of liquids.
Vaporization- The conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor.
Evaporation- Conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling.
-During evaporation only molecules with a certain minimum kinetic energy can escape.
-Liquids evaporate faster when heated.
Vapor pressure- A measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid.
-Vapor pressure increases as temperature increases.
Boiling point- The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is just equal to the external pressure on the liquid.
Normal boiling point- The boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 101.3 kPa.
13.3
Melting point- The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.
Freezing point- The