Module 2 key terms
Active Transport- Membrane transport processes for which ATP is required. Also refers to solute pumping.
Anabolism- Energy requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances.
Anticodon- The three base sequence complementary to the messenger RNA codon.
Aerobic- Requiring oxygen.
Anaerobic- Not requiring oxygen.
Catabolism- Process in which living cells breakdown substances into smaller substances.
Centriole- Minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division.
Centrosome- A region near the nucleus which contains paired organelles and centrioles.
Chromatin- Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes).
Chromosome- Bar-like bodies of tightly coiled chromatin. Visible during cell division.
Cilia- Tiny, hairlike projection on cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner.
Krebs cycle- Aerobic metabolic pathway occurring within mitochondria, in which food metabolites are oxidized and Co2 is liberated, and coenzymes are reduced. Also called the citric acid cycle.
Codon- The three-base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis, code given for an amino acid.
Cytoplasm- The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane.
Chemiosmosis- The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradiant. Relates to the generation if ATP by the movement if hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration.
Dehydrogenase- An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen from a substrate and the transfer of the hydrogen to an acceptor in an oxidation reduction reaction.
Desmosome- Cell junction composed of thickened plasma membrane joined by filaments.
Diffusion- The spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement torward uniform distribution of particles; driven by kinetic energy.
Electron transport- The transfer of electrons from one carrier molecule, as a flavoprotein or a cytochrome to another along the respiratory chain and ultimately to oxygen during the aerobic production of ATP
Endocytosis- Means by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells; eg phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis.
Endoplasmic reticulum- Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cell.
Endothermic- A process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings in the form of heat.
Exocytosis- Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.
Exothermic- A process or reaction that releases energy from the system, usually in the form of heat
Facilitated Transport- A form of passive transport in which materials are moved across the plasma membrane by a transport protein down their concentration gradient; hence it does not require energy.
Filtration- The act or process of filtrating, especially the process of passing a liquid or gas, such as air, through a filter in order to remove solid particles.
Flagella- A long lashlike appendage that serving as an organ of locomotion.
Gap Junction- A passageway between two adjacent cells; formed by transmembrane proteins called connexons.
Glycocalyx- A layer of externally facing glycoproteins on a cell’s plasma membrane that determines blood type; involved in the cellular interactions of fertilization, embryonic development, and immunity, and acts as an adhesive between cells.
Glycolysis- Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid (an anaerobic process)
Golgi apparatus- Membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages protein secretions for export; packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes.
Hypertonic- Excessive, above normal, tone or tension
Hypotonic- Below normal tone or tension.
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Notes Cell membranes isolate cell contents whole allowing communication with the environment Functions Isolate cells contents from external environment, allowing concentration gradients of dissolved substances to be produced across the membrane Regulate exchange of essential substances between cell and the extracellular fluid, or between membrane enclosed organelles and the surrounding cytoplasm Allow communication between cells Create attachments within and between cells Regulate…
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