Chapter 2: Chapter Outline |

I. Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and Holland | | A. | New Spain: Colonization and Conversion | | | 1. | Spanish adventurers were the first Europeans to explore the southern and western United States. | | | 2. | By the 1560s, their main goal was to prevent other Europeans from establishing settlements. | | | 3. | In 1565, Spain established St. Augustine, the first permanent European settlement in America; most of Spain’s other military outposts were destroyed by Indian attacks. | | | 4. | In response to the Indian attacks, the Spanish adopted the Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries (1573) and employed missionaries. | | | 5. | For Franciscans, religious conversion and assimilation went hand in hand, but Spanish rule was not benevolent. | | | 6. | Protected by Spanish soldiers, missionaries whipped Indians who continued to practice polygamy, smashed religious idols, and severely punished those who worshipped traditional gods. | | | 7. | Most Native Americans tolerated the Franciscans, but when Christian prayers failed to prevent disease, drought, and Apache raids, many returned to their ancestral religions and blamed the Spanish for their ills. | | | 8. | Santa Fe was established in 1610 by the Spanish, who reestablished the system of missions and forced labor there after Indian revolts in 1598. | | | 9. | Forced labor, the imposition of Christianity, drought, and food shortages motivated the Indian shaman Popé in 1680 to lead the peoples of two dozen Pueblos in a carefully coordinated rebellion known as the Pueblo Revolt, which killed over 400 Spaniards. | | | 10. | Exhausted by a generation of warfare, the Pueblos a decade later joined with the Spanish to protect their lands against nomadic Indians. | | | 11. | Spain maintained its northern empire but did not achieve religious conversion or cultural assimilation of the Native Americans. | | | 12. | The costs of expansion in Florida and New Mexico delayed the Spanish settlement of California. | | B. | New France: Fur Traders and Missionaries | | | 1. | Quebec, established in 1608, was the first permanent French settlement; New France became a vast fur-trading enterprise. | | | 2. | The Huron, in exchange for protection from the Iroquois, allowed French traders into their territory. | | | 3. | French traders set in motion a series of devastating Indian wars over the fur market, and they also brought disease to the Indians, which killed much of the native population. | | | 4. | Beginning in the 1640s, the New York Iroquois seized control of the fur trade and forced the Huron to migrate to the north and west. | | | 5. | The Iroquois organized themselves into a confederation of Five Nations—Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, and Mohawks—to extend control over territory and the fur trade. | | | 6. | Conflicts with the French over control of the fur trade severely reduced the Iroquois population during the late 1600s despite their alliance with England. | | | 7. | While French traders amassed furs, French priests sought converts; unlike the Spanish, French missionaries did not use Indians for forced labor, and they won religious converts by addressing the needs of the Indians. | | C. | New Netherland: Commerce | | | 1. | The Dutch republic in 1600 emerged as the financial and commercial hub of northern Europe. | | | 2. | The Dutch colonization strategy emphasized commerce over religious conversion. | | | 3. | In 1621, the West India Company created a trade monopoly in West Africa, Indonesia, and Brazil, giving the Dutch control of the Atlantic slave trade. | | | 4. | In 1624, the company founded the town of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island as the capital of New Netherland. | | | 5. | To encourage migration, the company granted huge estates along the Hudson River to wealthy