victims is the emotional pain caused by crime and the aftermath. The psychological trauma of victimization can be separated into two phases: the initial crisis reaction to the violation, and the long-term stress reactions it sometimes causes, with the second of these often exacerbated by additional “assaults” by society and its institutions. I. The Crisis Reaction A. Individuals exist in normal state of equilibrium. 1. Each person establishes his or her own boundaries, usually based on a certain order…
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