Parallel ➢ Parallel structures are formed to make a constant pattern of two or more ideas that have the same importance (one is not favored over the other one). Most parallel structures are conjoined by conjunctions like “as” “and” or “or”.

➢ Words and Phrases ➢ Example (-ing AKA gerund): Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.

➢ Examples (infinitive): Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.

➢ For Parallel do NOT mix forms ➢ Example: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.

➢ Parallel structures that begin with a clause MUST keep the clauses throughout

➢ Not Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game.

➢ Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.

➢ Not Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers.

➢ Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions.
Periodic
➢ There are two spots in which emphasis added, they are the start and the end of a sentence.

➢ In periodic sentences, the main idea (AKA clause, or independent clause) are at the end of the sentence

➢ They often are made through using parallel structures.

➢ The key to a periodic clause or phrase is interruptions (there is always an interruption of the subject and verb

➢ Example: If you’re the kind of person who likes to cry at movies, you'll love Casablanca (“You'll love Casablanca” is the base clause)
Cumulative
➢ The base clause is put at the start of the sentence Participial Phrase ➢ A participial phrase is a verb that modifies the main verb

➢ It can sometimes modify a noun

➢ Example of noun modification: Attached to a mother that only a son could love, he was often depressed. (attached modifies the sentence by explaining the status of the child and his mother)

➢ Two sort phrases that are either at the start or end of a sentence.

➢ Usually set off from the main point with commas & the action occurring has to refer by the the subject of the sentence.

➢ Example (-ing): Looking at the recent issue of Cosmo, the man who always sits in the back of the bus began to hum to himself a song from a strip tease act.
{This form is usually used when the action within the participial phrase is still ongoing}

➢ Example (-ing) : Dogs lick themselves all over, thinking they are superior to men.
{This form is usually used when the action within the participial phrase is still ongoing}

➢ Example (-ed): Attached to a mother only a son could love, Jerry, the newborn, suckling pig, felt a profound attractive to ugliness come over him.
{This form is usually used when the action within the participial phrase is completed}

➢ Example (-ed) : The lonely caddy became flustered, scared that his affections for the old man's daughter would be noticed.
{This form is usually used when the action within the participial phrase is completed}

➢ Participles and participial phrases must be placed as close to the nouns or pronouns they modify as possible, and those nouns or pronouns must be clearly stated.

➢ The car sliding out of control toward building will likely hit the window. ➢ SLIDING modifies the CAR. The verb is WILL HIT.

Absolute Phrases

➢ An absolute phrase modifies an entire sentence instead of a single word in the sentence

➢ Absolutes are almost a complete sentence, and in order to