12). Discuss the key idea of Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory of personality, noting the role of self ­efficacy beliefs in the development of a person’s self­system. They key idea of Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory of personality posits that people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling. People learn and develop personality through observing others’ behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors.
Modeling is when one observes another, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed. On later occasions, this coded info serves as a guide for action. Self­efficacy is the extent or strength of one's belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals. High and low self efficacy is believed to determine whether or not someone will choose to take on a challenging task or "write it off" as impossible. Self­efficacy affects every area of human endeavor. By determining the beliefs a person holds regarding his or her power to affect situations, it strongly influences both the power a person actually has to face challenges competently and the choices a person is most likely to make.
13). Compare and contrast the viewpoints of Sigmund Freud and Albert Bandura on the nature of human aggression.
The psychoanalytic perspective, projected by Sigmund Freud, is based on the idea that childhood experiences significantly influence the development of later personality traits and psychological problems. Albert Bandura believed that aggression is learned through a process called behavior modeling. He believed that individuals do not actually inherit violent tendencies, but they