Responses of the Muslim Ruling Elites

Imperialism –industrialization –turning raw materials into manufactured products

Making a chair problems: Competition, run out of trees, look to other areas, supply and demand, find new markets

Non-European:
Middle East
India
Africa
Asia

Reactions to change: 1. Refusal 2. Acceptance 3. Tolerate it 4. Protest it

The Ottoman Empire * By the 1800’s, it was weak * In 1830, Greece won its independence and Serbia won the right to govern itself * European nations eyed what remained of the empire * Russia hoped to win control of the Black Sea * 1850’s—Ottomans lost almost all of their land in Europe and parts of Africa

* European imperialism took three forms in the early nineteenth century: 1. Direct occupation and colonization of Algeria by France from 1830 onward 2. Diplomatic pressure on the Ottoman sultans to grant economic and legal privileges to Europeans and non-Muslim minorities 3. Treaties with rulers and chiefs controlling seaports in the Persian Gulf and southern Arabia designed to ensure British military control of the sea route to India in return for maintaining the rulers and chiefs in power

Four Responses in the Muslim World to Change 1. Ignoring or rejecting the change that was occurring-the ulama followed this approach-Islam God 3.0
Christianity-God 2.0
Judaism-God 1.0
Hinduism-God 0.0 2. Accommodation-began when ruling elites in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Iran tried to impose limited military reform 3. Islamic fundamentalism 4. Pan-Arabism or Arab nationalism

Ottoman Empire and Modernization * Sultan Selim III-the first to initiate reforms known as the Tanzimat (New Order) Reforms in 1793 * Modernized army and navy * Ulama and janissaries opposed him and