et al. 1998). The active phorbol ester, TPA (4ß-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), was first found in the croton plant, a shrub found in Southeast Asia. The interaction of phorbol ester with protein kinase C (PKC) affects activities of several enzymes, biosynthesis of protein, DNA, polyamines, cell differentiation processes, and gene expression. The toxicity of phorbol esters has been reported on feeding plants containing these esters to various animal models, such as goat, mice, rat, and fish…
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