• Energy o How does the cost of energy (c) affect long-term growth? o How does the energy intensity (e) affect long-term growth? o Can expensive energy lead to economic decline? Must it? • Backstops: renewability, efficiency • Depletable goods • Substitutability of capital & resources • Low substitutability between energy & GDP, but high substitutability between various kinds of energy • Outcomes & efficiency o Reasons for inefficiency: • Monopoly • Producer externalities: pollution,…
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