the periodic table organizes the elements according to general patterns of similarity. Below is a very small image of the periodic table. It is basically unreadable in terms of specific information, but it allows us to easily look at the periodic tables structure general trends.
Figure %: A very small periodic table
The vertical columns of the periodic table (marked by yellow stripes in the figure) are called groups. The horizontal rows are called periods. There are 18 groups and 7 periods. In discussing the periodic table from here on out we will use the terms group and period. Down a group means moving from top to bottom; across a period means moving from left to right.
Reading the Periodic Table: Carbon
To describe the information contained within each individual box we will use a specific example: carbon.
Figure %: Description of Carbon on the Periodic Table
Element Name
The purpose of the element name is obvious. However, many Periodic Tables do not include element names. For those situations you must memorize the symbols that accord to each element name.
Element Symbol
Each element has a specific one or two letter symbol that is used interchangeably with its name. These should be memorized. Most of the time, symbols quite clearly accord to the name of the element they represent, as C accords to carbon. Occasional, however, an element's name and symbol have little relation. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg.
Atomic Number
As you move across a period the atomic number increases. Similarly, as you move down a group the atomic number increases. In this way, the atomic number represents exactly where in the periodic table an element stands.
More importantly, and the reason why the ordering of the elements according to atomic number yields elements in groups with similar chemical and physical properties, the atomic number is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element, and also the same as the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus in a neutral state. Carbon, for example, has six protons and six electrons. (Protons and electrons will be discussed in more detail in the Atomic Structure SparkNote)
(atomicmass) Atomic Mass
Along with protons, an atom also contains neutrons in its nucleus. The atomic mass (also called atomic weight) of an element is the combined number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Atoms of particular elements generally have different "versions," meaning that elements have atoms with different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. These different versions are called isotopes. The atomic weight displayed is actually the weighted average of the mass numbers of the various isotopes. The atomic weight for Carbon is 12.01 because around 99% of all carbon is the carbon-12 isotope.
Simple Periodic Trends
Atomic Number
The Atomic number increases from the top left to the bottom right. It ascends sequentially across each period.
Atomic Weight
Weight The atomic weight of the elements generally
Periodic Table Horizontal rows are called periods – There are 7 periods Vertical columns are called groups – There are 18 groups Atoms are made of 3 particles – Protons: + charge – Neutrons: no charge – Electrons: – charge Protons & neutrons are in nucleus Electrons in cloud surrounding nucleus Each element has a symbol The number on top is the number of protons (atomic number) The name is beneath the symbol The atomic mass is the total amount of protons and neutrons Atoms with unfilled shells have…
CHEMISTRY REVISION Periodic table * All the elements on the Earth are on the Periodic Table. * They are arranged according to patterns in their properties e.g. The masses of their atoms * The relative atomic mass is the mass of an atom in relation to hydrogen e.g. Helium has an atomic mass of 4 which means it has 4x the mass of hydrogen * Each period starts with a metal and ends with a non-metal Alkali metals * The alkali metals (Group 1 in the periodic table) are Lithium, Sodium…
What is the periodic table: Our world is composed of many things. And these many things are composed of many other things. Everything on our earth is made of the elements of the periodic table (our earth is immense, imagine how important elements are!). Elements are substances that can’t be broken down or made into anything simpler by chemical reactions. The periodic table and its elements are both vital parts of chemistry and other sciences. The periodic table is basically a table that organizes…
A-level Chemistry GCE Chemistry Data Sheet Table A Infrared absorption data Bond Wavenumber /cm–1 Table B 1 H n.m.r. chemical shift data Type of proton δ/ppm ROH 0.5 – 5.0 RCH3 0.7 – 1.2 RNH2 1.0 – 4.5 R2CH2 1.2 – 1.4 2850 – 3300 R3CH 1.4 – 1.6 O H (acids) 2500 – 3000 R C C N 2220 – 2260 C O 1680 – 1750 R O C C C 1620 – 1680 H N H (amines) 3300 – 3500 O H (alcohols) 3230 – 3550 C H C O 1000 – 1300 C C 750 – 1100 Table C 13 C n.m.r. chemical shift data Type of…
TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE OBJECTIVES: as given MTERIAL/APPARATUS: as given PROCEDURE: Part One: Atomic Radii of Elements Graph of Atomic Radii of the First 20 Elements on the Periodic Table Graph of Ionization Energies of the First 20 Elements from the Periodic Table QUESTIONS/DISSCUSSIONS Part One: 1. What is the group name for the elements found at the peals of your graph? What is the group located on the periodic table. The group name of the elements at the peaks is Alkali Metals. The…
Havergal College SCH3U Oxidation number and IUPAC names of some polyatomic ions Oxidation number = +1 Name Ammonium Oxidation number = -1 Name Ion cyanide HSO4acetate H2PO3hypochlorite H2PO4chlorite MnO4chlorate NO2perchlorate NO3hydrogen carbonate OCNhydrogen oxalate OHhydrogen sulfite SCNOxidation number = -2 Name Ion carbonate HPO42oxalate O22chromate SO32dichromate SO42hydrogen phosphite S2O32Oxidation number = -3 Name Ion 3arsenite PO4 arsenate Ion NH4+…
Alexander the Great’s tutor 1865 John Newlands published the book, Law of Octaves which he arranged elements from their atomic mass *Newlands can make an argument that he was the first to arrange the first periodic table 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the first widely accepted periodic table separating the elements by their properties 1897 J.J. Thompson performed experiments indicating that cathode rays really were unique particles, rather than waves, atoms or molecules as was believed…
Why is the Periodic Table important to me? • The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist. • You get to use it on every test. • It organizes lots of information about all the known elements. PrePeriodic Table Chemistry ... • ...was a mess!!! • No organization of elements. • Imagine going to a grocery store with no organization!! • Difficult to find information. • Chemistry didn’t make sense. The Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table HOW HIS WORKED... • Put elements in rows by increasing atomic weight…
Iron: A Transitional Element Iron: A Transitional Element What can be determined about Iron on the periodic table? First, we must first look at how the periodic table is set up. The periodic table is set up in periods and columns. There are 18 groups/columns and 7 periods. Columns denote the number of electrons in the elements outer shell or there valence electrons. Periods denote how many electron shells the element has. Since Iron/Fe is in the fourth row, eighth column…