The Glasgow Outcome Scale is used as a general outcome measure, and in prognostic studies. The Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning is a descriptive scale that outlines a predictable sequence of cognitive and behavioral recovery as a patient emerges from a coma.
The optimal exercise duration for achieving weight loss with a walking program is 40 to 60 minutes of continuous aerobic activity. Increasing walking speed should only be performed once the patient can consistently tolerate 20 to 30 minutes of exercise.
Metabolic alkalosis would result in hypoventilation and increased deep tendon reflexes. Metabolic and respiratory acidosis result in decreased deep tendon reflexes. Respiratory alkalosis results in tachypnea.
The plantar grasp reflex is characterized by curling of the toes when a child is held supported in standing. The reflex is normal up to 9 months of age. Delayed integration of this reflex can result in delayed, independent ambulation.
A deep vein thrombosis corresponds to the leg pain and possibly swelling but not shortness of breath. A myocardial infarction corresponds to shortness of breath but typically does not result in swelling acutely. A myocardial infarction could result in the development of congestive heart failure, which would result in these symptoms, but this is a secondary result, not a primary result. A pulmonary embolism would result in shortness of breath, usually not changed by position, and typically cardiac arrest. Typical signs of congestive heart failure include dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, and peripheral edema.
A p value is the probability value. With the pre-study alpha set at .05, p values <.05 are considered statistically significant. The r value is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and r2 is the coefficient of determination (the percentage of variance that is shared by the two variables that are correlated).
Trunk motions with flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation, such as tai-chi, golfing, and bicycling, are contraindicated for patients with osteoporosis.
Skin lesions described in the stem are characteristic of psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis occurs in about one-third of persons with psoriasis. When psoriatic arthritis is present, the distal interphalangeal joints are commonly affected. The skin lesions described in the stem and involvement of the distal interphalangeal joints are not characteristic of the other three diagnoses.
Stretching should be done during and immediately after the ultrasound treatment. 1 MHz continuous ultrasound provides the greatest thermal effects and would facilitate the stretch.
The crackles and low pulse oximetry indicate that the patient needs better ventilation and secretion clearance, probably secondary to the recent surgery. Bronchopulmonary hygiene, including postural drainage, percussion, vibration, suctioning, and incentive spirometry, are beneficial in treating and preventing postoperative atelectasis. Although walking usually helps to clear the lungs, the pulse oximetry measure is too low to initiate walking before the patient’s lungs are cleared. The therapist should clear the lungs first, not contact the physician. If the therapist is completely unsuccessful with clearing the lungs and the pulse oximetry remains low, then contacting the physician may be appropriate. Range of motion exercises are important post-thoracotomy, but again, the patient’s breathing should be addressed first.
A screening tool with high sensitivity can correctly identify the presence of a target condition. Identification of only 3 of 10 is a low sensitivity. Specificity is the ability of a tool to identify the absence of a target condition. In this case, 8 of 10 is high, so there is a high specificity. Reliability refers to measurement error, and validity deals with an instrument’s ability to measure what it is intended to measure. Reliability and validity are not addressed in the stem.
Neurological changes that are age