examining current biometrics. The physiognomist Lavater, responding to the momentous cultural shifts of the Enlightenment, attempted to codify facial features and expression into a system that could be universally applied.1 Barbara Stafford's study of Lavater situates his work as a form of Enlightenment 'body criticism' - a type of 'corporeal connoisseurship' that 'diagnosed unseen spiritual qualities by scrutinizing visible traits.'2 To Stafford, Lavater invented a uniquely modern bodily lexicon…
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