Notes:-
- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid are known as macromolecules because of their large size
-carbohydrates are made of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon
- The simplest sugar are
-The five types of atoms are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur
- Proteins help cells keep their shape, make up muscles, speed up chemical reactions, carry messages and materials.
-carbohydrate 1:2:1 means
-Monosaccharaides are glucose, fructose and galactose
-Disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose
-examples of proteins in the body:
Antibodies- protect from infection
Hormones- protect carry messages
Ex. Insulin
Enzymes- help speed up reactions
Ex. Cellulase

-subunits that make up proteins are called amino acids
- 20 different amino acids in humans
- “R” changes in amino groups
- Examples of nucleic acids in the body are RNA and DNA
-3 major jobs for cells
Help make proteins
Instruction to how to make proteins
Instruction from parents-offspring

-subunits of nucleic acid = nucleotides
-these have 3 smaller subunits
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

Lipids have various functions like making cell membrane, hormones, can be broken down as a source of energy.
Elements in lipids: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Dehydration= loss of water
Triglycerides= stored in fat and used for energy l8r
In DNA and RNA there r 4 bases
Nitrogen bases pair with each other
In DNA:

Adenide pairs with thymine
Guanine pairs with cytosine
In RNA:

Adenine pairs with uracil
Guanine pairs with Cytosine
This is when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration diffusion through membrane does not require energy facilitated diffusion is when substances move with the concentration gradient carrier molecules speed up movement of diffusing substances ex. Charged particle concentration gradient is the difference in concentration from highest to lowest concentration osmosis is diffusion of water molecules through a “selectively permeable membrane ” from an area of higher concentration – lower concentration it is a type of passive transport and does not require energy an isotonic solution is when the concentration