A-2.) Tenebrism is defined by dictionary.com as “a school, style, or method of painting, adopted chiefly by 17th-century Spanish and Neapolitan painters, characterized by large areas of dark colors, usually relieved with a shaft of light.” "The Conversion of St. Paul"—nearly half of this painting is black. St. Paul’s body and parts of his horse are illuminated, yet he is surrounded by darkness. In "The Calling of Saint Matthew," Jesus, the Son of God, the Light, is the figure least illuminated. The patrons around the table and St. Peter are all more illuminated than Jesus. That might be understandable if the light were coming from Jesus, but the light source originates above him, casting the Son of God in a deep shadow. St. Matthew is being called and spoken to from the darkness.

B-1.) Hobbes had the ideas from the English Civil War that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. Without governments keeping order, Hobbes said there would be "war of every man against every man." Life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." To escape such a bad life, people gave up their rights up to a strong ruler and in return people gained law and order. Hobbes believed that an absolute monarchy was the type of government needed. Locke was more into a more positive view of human nature. He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. He thought that they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society. He believed that people are born free and equal and government should protect these rights. He thought that the type of government there should be is self-government.

C-4.) Natural selection is the “survival of the fittest.” According to Darwin, natural selection was the process of how evolution occurred. Things that were not successful in nature died out, and organisms that succeeded were the ones that would keep reproducing. Not all of Darwin’s ideas were accepted so readily. Almost all scientists came to accept Darwin’s theory of evolution