Meningitis: North America v. Sub Saharan Africa Meningitis is a horrible bacterial or viral infection of the central nervous system. The sheer level of damage this infection can cause is enough to send fear down the bravest spine. However, as terrible as this infection is at home, in North America, I wanted to research and compare how well or poorly controlled this infection is in a less developed country, Sub Saharan Africa. My essay will include the causative agent and symptoms of meningitis, as well as characteristics of the victims suffering from this infection, comparing the similarities and differences of the two countries treatment methods, and the measures taken by both countries to prevent meningitis. Before the headaches, inflammation, and possible death of the infected victim we have Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophylus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitides, the big three of meningitis. These three species of bacteria are the causative agents behind the majority of diagnosed meningitis cases worldwide. Particularly Neisseria meningitides has the highest potential to cause an epidemic outbreak in Sub Saharan Africa, also reported as twenty five percent of all meningitis cases in North America. The beginning onset symptoms of meningitis include fever, inflamed cranial and spinal meninges, stiff neck, vomiting, headaches, confusion, and sensitivity to light. If not treated as an emergency the risk of death increases, every hour more irreversible damage is being done that may result in brain damage or hearing loss, with death of the infected persons 24 to 48 hours after initial symptoms. Meningitis is a quickly progressive disease of the nervous system that attacks the meninges, but to whose meninges do the bacteria attack? In both North America and Sub Saharan Africa young people make up majority of the cases, ages 29 and below, however for two completely different socio-economic reasons. In North America ages 16 to 21 are more likely to become infected through kissing, sharing eating utensils, and living in close quarters with peers (i.e. dormitory, apartments, housing, etc.). In sub Saharan Africa the highest risk of meningococcal disease occurs in an area of known as the meningitis belt, a stretch of land that covers from Ethiopia to Senegal. Similar to the flu season in North America, Africa has a meningitis season from December to June, a time of dry winds and cold nights. With over crowded housing, a large population, pilgrimages, and traditional forms of markets, along with the weather, the transmission of Neisseria meningitides becomes extremely easy. Unfortunately all ages 1 to 29 are at risk in Africa, caused by several reasons like, mothers carrying babies to the markets and all extended family living together, there is not an age group within the range of ages that are at higher risk. Prior to my research I assumed that due to Africa’s less developed economy, technology, and available resources when compared to North America’s, the treatment methods would have few similarities. However, in both regions of the world treatment of this infection is uniformly standard, whether in North America or Africa admission to the hospital is necessary for treatment, at the same time the level of access to a hospital may vary by region. After arriving two courses of action is guaranteed, first that a lumbar puncture will be carried out, this is when doctors draw fluid from the spine to test, and grow the specific bacteria causing the infection. Next, the doctors will begin the appropriate antibiotic treatment.
Childhood illnesses Most children and young people will experience some illness in their life. Common illnesses like coughs and cold are not usually serious. However, illnesses like meningitis are more serious and the child will need specialist medical care. Illnesses like chicken pox are infectious to others and illnesses like asthma are not infectious at all. The main signs that a child is ill are: Poor appetite. No energy. Change in behaviour (unusually quiet, not sleeping well, crying more…
Brittini Johnson Bacterial Meningitis Bacterial Meningitis is a severe infectious disease that has many complications such as brain damage or learning disabilities. In the United States between the years of 2003-2007 there were about 4,100 cases of bacterial meningitis reported including 500 deaths. Causes of this infectious disease include pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pnuemoniae, group B strep, Listeria monocytogenes and Neisseria meningitis. The causes of this disease…
be small and frequent and soft! Whooping Cough is very dangerous for babies or small children – sleep in the same room as them. AVOID contact with other babies or small children. 2. Chickenpox This is a contagious disease most common between the ages of 2 and 4. It lasts about two weeks and causes red blister-like scabs over the body. They will appear on the tummy first and spread to the arms and legs. The child will feel unwell and may have a temperature. The spots will be itchy - try NOT to let…
Strategies that maintain a healthy, safe and secure environment in early years settings and that are supported by legislation Legislations which influence a healthy, safe and secure environment for early years settings: Children Act 2004 Early years foundation stage 2008 United nations convention of the rights of the child 1992 Childcare Act 2006 Health and safety first aid 1981 Data protection Act 1998 reporting of injuries diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 1995…
Skin/eyes Of newborns, passed from the mother to the eyes of the child and causes infection 755 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pelvic Inflammatory Disease/PID Reproductive Can cause uterine tube damage if left untreated 758 Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis/ Meningococcal meningitis Nervous Rash that doesn’t fade when pressed, begins as a sore throat 618 Burkholderia Nosocomial infections/ Hospital acquired infection *** Resultant of a hospital stay 414 Burkholderia psudomallei Melioidosis Respiratory Distributed…
lack of technology or the lack of interest in the unknown. In this paper I will explain my finding on the molecule dimethlytrptamine and its direct relation to near death experiences and the afterlife. I have found multiple scientists and research groups that have dedicated their time to either prove or disprove the magnitude of this drug. There have been many mysteries and questions that arise in the scientific community when DMT is brought up and it is one of the most fascinating things I have learned…
most well-known sign of Parkinson's disease, the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement. Meningitis-Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore, the condition…
diameter of their vessels (5). Extracardiac vascular involvement (including that involving the aortic root and carotid artery) has been documented in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and the incidence of such involvement increases with the age of the patient. Evaluation for atherosclerosis of the aorta is not routinely performed preoperatively in children, although atheroembolism from the ascending aorta is a major etiologic factor for stroke in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery.…
was born as Samuel Langhorn Clemens on November thirtieth eighteen thirty-five and given the nickname “Little Sam.” In addition, his birthplace was “a two-room frame house in Florida…Missouri” (Cox, 7) to a John and Jane Clemens. After reaching the age of eighteen he took on an…
Keeping Children Safe Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASAWA) Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 Children’s Act 1989 Control of Substance Hazardous to Health 2002 (COSHH) Data protection Act 1998 All Practitioners have legal responsibilities under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Practitioners must meet certain rules to make sure everyone in that place of work is safe. It also means they have to be careful that there are no risks…