Penal law- laws enforced by the state Civil law- system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community rather than criminal, military, or religious affairs. Riddah: its Nature and Scope Before discussing the problem of apostasy in the Qur'an and early tradition, it may be helpful to discuss briefly its general scope and nature. Following the Qur'anic characterization of apostasy as a willful act of rejection of faith (Kufr), later jurists defined riddah so broadly as…
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