Independent and Dependent Clauses

 Independent or main clause has a subject and a verb and it expresses a complete thought.

~Mount Everest is in the Himalayas

 A compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction

~The Himalayas is a region of high peaks, and it is a region of valleys

 Subordinate or dependent clause has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought

~ Where they climbed ~Although it is cold
Adjective Clauses

 Is a subordinate clause that functions as an adjective. It modifies a noun or a pronoun. It follows the word it modifies.

~Mrs. Garcia, who is my neighbor, is a chef. ~She is the chef whom I most respect.

 Some words that introduce adjective clauses are ~Relative Pronouns
That, which, whom, those, who, whose
~ Relative Adverbs
When, where

 Can sometimes omit words. An expression that omits words is elliptical. The sentence makes sense with or without the word that introduces the adjective clause

~Have you ever tried the empanadas [that] this restaurant is famous for?

 When an adjective clause is essential to the meaning of a sentence, it provides information that is necessary to understand the sentence. Commas don’t separate them.

When an adjective clause is nonessential, it adds information that is not necessary, and the sentence can stand alone without it. Commas separate them.

Adverb Clauses

 is a subordinate clause that functions as an adverb. It modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. They tell how much, how, when, where, why, to what extent, or under what circumstances. A comma always follows an introductory adverb clause.

~ The house is quiet when it is empty. [The clause modifies the adjective quiet; it tells when it is quiet]
~ Gail arrived much later than she had planned. [The clause modifies the adverb later; it tells how much later]

 Some common subordinating conjunctions are after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon