CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

Arts
In Adam’s A History of Western Art (1994), it was stated that studying art could mean knowing past and present expressions in our lives which are creative in a way because of our artistic impulse. The different values of art were also mentioned namely materialistic, intrinsic, religious, patriotic, and others.
As what Shank(2003) stated, visual stimuli are used in instruction in the form of visual references like pictures, charts, diagram and video imaging on lectures and verbal teaching. It also affects a person’s memory and learning. Also, the visual stimuli enhance the music learning. In visual arts, space and music are both express through time and an art form that has its own unique structure.
A large number of men are strongly attached into music compared to women. Mostly, the music genres are suitable or fit for men; examples are metal, rock, and rap. Societal influence is possibly one of the strongest factors shaping our musical preferences. Large-scale societal preferences can increase or limit exposure to certain music styles and thus impact individual-level preferences. (Meyers, 33) The surrounding has a strong influence, affecting what type of music they really want. Besides, limited sources of music can get because it's still in the public music taste. People tend to prefer things that are more familiar. (Meyers, 32) If a person is exposed to a variety of music, those below their preferred level of complexity would fall down lower on a scale of preference. (Meyers, 32) The familiarity of music makes the listener more curious about the song they’ve listened before. The content of the music should have a brief description of the most important information to know something such as the meaning of a song. Music content had a major influence to the listener to stimulate them in
This provided a convenient outlet of self-expression in ways acceptable in this generation.
As stated by Brewer (2013), rock music improves learner’s attention during sound breaks. In physical activities, rock music also helps to set the work speed while doing such activities.
Saarikallio (2006) reported that positive rock music can serve as a mean to help depressed students to engage in healthy recreational activities such as dancing.
According to Tervo (2005), rock music can be a way to exploration of sexual fantasies and feelings in adolescent’s own body. This can tend to one’s intense aggressive and sexual impulses to cope with them.
It is found by Arnett (1992) that adolescents that prefer rock music shown a higher level of violent tendencies, reckless behavior, drug usage, unsafe sex, vandalism and etc. Mullenga (2008) stated that due to rock music’s syncopated rhythm, it can bypass our “ability to reason” thus producing a hypnotic