History of Anatomy and Physiology &
Chapter 1
The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology;
McKinley, Michael P

Instructor Jennifer Evens

What is…?
• Anatomy
– Study of structure

• Physiology
– Study of function

Complimentary/not separable/form and function
When you see a structure you ask how does it work. Anatomy make it possible

Comparison of Anatomy and Physiology (Table 1.1)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Figure 1.1a

ANATOMISTS
Study the small intestine including its relationship to the rest of the body

(a) Anatomists
Focus on the form and structures of the small intestine

Esophagus

Liver
Stomach

Large intestine Small intestine ANATOMISTS
Describe the multiple layers in the wall of the small intestine

ANATOMISTS
Study the tissues of the small intestine and the cells that compose them

Organelles

Villus

Cell

Section of intestinal wall

(top left): © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Phototake; (top right): © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Visuals Unlimited;
(bottom left):© Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited; (bottom right): © EM Research Services, Newcastle University

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Figure 1.1b

Peristalsis
Wave of contraction

Small intestine

Bolus

(b) Physiologists
Relaxation

Focus on the function of the small intestine

PHYSIOLOGISTS
Examine how the muscles of the small intestine propel food through the digestive tract
Propulsion of bolus forward.

Anatomists and
Physiologists
Know form and function of the small intestine are interrelated

PHYSIOLOGISTS
Describe the mechanisms by which different nutrients are broken down
Protein

Carbohydrate
Fat globules

Bile salts

Amino acids
Monosaccharides

Monoglycerides
Epithelial
cell of intestinal villus

PHYSIOLOGISTS
Study the mechanisms by which different nutrients are absorbed Blood capillary Lymphatic capillary Rome and Greece

http://chalk.richmond.edu/education/projects/webunits/greecerome/Romegeog1.html

The Great Philosophers
Hippocrates

Aristotle

Galen

Pictures courtesy of Wikipedia

Greek and Rome Legacy
• Aristotle
– 384-322 BCE; Born in Northern Greece to the court physician
– Study under Plato
– Written 150 philosophical treatises; from biological and physics to morals and aesthetics (1 st to write on both anatomy and physiology)
– Works in zoology described
• Embryological development of a chick
• Distinguished whales and dolphins from fish
• Noticed some sharks give birth to live young

– Classifications of animals
• Broader than today’s classes
• Based on blood and without blood (red blood) [similar to vertebrates and invertebrates]

– Complex structures are built from a variety of smaller structures

• Hippocrates
– 460 BC; Born in Greece
– Known as the founder of medicine “Father of Medicine”
– Based on the observations and study of the human body
– Body treated as whole not parts
– Healing comes from rest, good diet, fresh air and cleanliness
– Feelings come from the brain not the heart
– Oath of Medical Ethics

• Galen
– Born in Pergamum in Asia Minor in 131 C.E.
– Famed surgeon to the gladiators
– Summoned to Rome to be the physician of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius
– Spent the rest of his life at the Court Writing Corpus of Medical Works
– His work became Dogma for the time, and the method for observation and investigation were how methods of modern research arose

Birth of Modern Medicine
Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Picture courtesy of wordinfo.info

Picture courtesy of scielo.br

Picture courtesy of aprendiendobiologiaenquinto.blogspot.com

Matthias Schleiden

Andreas Vesalius
Picture courtesy of en.academic.ru Theodor Schwann

Picture courtesy of dodd.cmcvellore.ac.in

Picture courtesy of nndb.com Modern Medicine
• Andreas Vesalius
– (1514-64) Catholic church released prohibition against cadaver dissection (suspicious death); theatre of medical students; first to publish accurate drawings