Sociology Test 2
Social Interaction: The process by which people act towards or respond to other people.
Social Structure: Complex frame work of social institutions and the social structure practices that make up a society and that governs, organizes, and establishes limits on peoples behavior.
Status: socially defined position in a group or society characteristic by current expectations.
Roles: a set of expected behaviors associated with a give role.
Ascribed Status: social position that you are born with or received involuntary later in life.
Achieved Status: a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of choice, merit, or effort.
Master Status: is the most important status that a person occupies.
Role performance: how a person actually plays a role.
Role Conflict: a situation when incomparable expectations arise from 2 or more social positions that a are held by the same person.
Role Exit: a situation in which people disengage from a social role that has been central to their self identity.
Role Exit Stages
1. Doubt
2. Searching for alternatives
3.Turning point to take final actions
4. creating a new identity
Reference Group: an group that individuals use as an evaluator of themselves.
Social groups: any number of people with similar interests, norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.
Primary Social Groups: is a small inmate group which engages in face to face emotional based interactions for an extended period of time.
Secondary Social Group: is a large impersonal groups engaging in goal oriented relationships for a short time.
Social Network: a series of Social relationships that link an individual to other both directly and indirectly.
Society: Group of people that can be separated from others and have share culture.
Social Institution: Set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how the society meets its needs.
Types of Societies
Gemeinshaft: Close knit community
Gesellschaft: impersonal mass society
Societies over time
Hunters and gathers -little social organization -little equality - small groups - everyone has role
Pastoral- herding nomadic -live in society/effected by weather and terrain
Horticultural -gardening and farming - domesticated animals and plants-more food less moving
Agricultural - birth cities (excess food) -cultural awareness art, music, literature -dawn of modern civilization.
Industrial - based on technology that mechanized production - factories - growth of inequalities
Post industrial -technology supports -services and professions - information based society- helping people.
Post modern -pre-occupied w/consumer groups and media -losing faith progress and truth claims - 1990s to present
COMPONETS of society
Formal Organization: a group designed for a specific / special purpose for max efficiency
Bureaucracy: Part of formal organization rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieved efficiency, division of labor, rank order, written rules and regulations, impersonality employment based on qualifications.
Approaches
Scientific management approach: workers are motivated by rewards (money)
Human relation approach: motivated by roles of the people
SOCIAL CONTROL
Social control: technique and stragies for preventing deviant behavior in any society.
Conformity: going along with others there is no individual direction
Obedience: compliance to a higher authority
Informal Social Control: When people use causal means to enforce norms
Formal Social Control: Carried out by authorized institutions
Law: Governmental social control
Deviance: is an violation of norms whether the information is minor or murder.
Stigma: characteristics that discredit people
Crime: the violation of rules that have been written into law
Social Order: is a groups customary social arrangements
Capital Punishment: the death penalty or the most extreme measure of punishment.