CHAPTER 5 STUDY AID FOR EXAM 2
1. What are the two main layers of the epidermis? Epidermis, Dermis
2. What type of tissue does each layer of the epidermis consist of? - Adipose tissue
3.What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep? What are some characteristics of each layer?
Layer of Epidermis
Characteristics of this layer

1. Stratum Basale
-Also called Stratum Germinatium
-Actively Mitotic

2. Stratum Spinosum
-Abundant melanasomes, and dendritic cells

3. Stratum Granular
-4-6 cell layers
-Cell accumulate lamellar granules
-Their water-resistant glycolipid shows water loss

4. Stratum Luciderm
-Thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum
- A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

5. Stratum Corneum
20-30 rows of dead, flat, a nucleate keratinizied membranous sacs
- Protect environment, water loss, penetration, bio

4. Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin? -Stratum Luciderm
5. Where do you find thick skin? - Palms, soles of feet
6. Be able to label this diagram
7.Most of the cells in the epidermis are - Keratinocytes
8. Which cells of the epidermis are macrophages and activate the immune system? - Dendritic
9.Which cells produce keratin? - Keratinocytes
10.The sensory touch receptor cells are called - Tactile cells
11. Which cells produce melanin? - Melanocytes
12. What is the function of melanin? -Protect apical surface of keratinocyte nucleus from UV damage
13. What is the function of ketaohyaline granules? - Help form keratin in upper layers
14. What is the function of lamellar granules? - Their water-resistant glycolipid slows water loss
15. What are the characteristics of the dermis? What structures/cells can be found in the dermis? - cells: -fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells and white blood cells - Structures: - nerve fibers, blood + lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, oils/sweat glands

16. What are the two layers of the dermis? - Pappilary layer, and reticular layer
17. What are the characteristics of the papillary layer of the dermis? - Areolar connective tissue - connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels - Meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors)
18. What are the characteristics of the reticular layer of the dermis? -Dense fibrous connective tissue - Collagen fibers: provide strength, bind water -Cleavage lines- because most collagen fibers parallel to skin surface
19. What is the purpose of the dermal papillae? -In thick skin lie atop dermal ridges that cause epidermal ridges -collectively ridges called Friction Ridges -Enhance gripping ability

20. What type of tissue does the reticular layer consist of? - Dense fibrous connective tissue
21. What type of tissue does the papillary layer consist of? - Aerolar connective tissue
22.What are cleavage lines? -externally invisible - important to surgeons
23. What are flexure lines? Why do they occur? Where can they be found? -Dermal folds at or near joints -dermis tightly secured to deeper structures -hands, wrist, fingers, soles, toes
24. What are striae? - Silvery-white scars (stretch marks)
25. Blisters separate which layers of the integument? -Dermis and epidermis
26. What is tinea versicolor? -Sunspots (fungal infection)
27. Skin color: Juandice - yellow cast to the skin due to a liver disorder Erythema - redness due the fever, inflammation,allergies Cyanosis - blue skin color due to inadequate oxygenation of hemoglobin Pallor - blanching due to anemia, low blood pressure, fear
28. Hair
What pigment causes hair to be red? - Trichosideran
What pigment creates all other hair color except white or grey? - Melanin
What causes hair to appear white or grey? - Decresed melanin production
29. What muscle causes goose bumps? Arrector pill muscle Is it a skeletal or smooth muscle?
30. What type of hair is the pale, fine hair that covers the body in women and children? - Vellus hair
31.