Module 4: Earth’s Diversity
Review Sheet

4.01: Ecology
1. Know the terms that describe food webs and food chains. (producers, consumers, autotrophs, heterotrophs, decomposers)

2. How does energy flow through the ecosystem? the most basic i know is the food chain/web.

1. producers (plants) absorb the sun's heat and convert them into usable energy.
2. the primary consumer eats the producer.
3. the secondary consumer eats the primary consumer.
4. the tertiary consumer eats the secondary consumer.
5. so on and so forth.

3. How much energy is passed up the food chain.
Producers (100% energy from the sun)
Primary Consumers (10% energy)
Secondary Consumers (1% energy)
Tertiary Consumers (0.1% energy)
Quaternary Consumers (0.01% energy)

4.02: The Biosphere
4. Explain some of the limiting factors in the ocean.
Factors that limit the type of life forms able to live in an ocean environment include temperature, sunlight, pressure, oxygen concentration and nutrient availability.
5. Why do plants need sunlight? the sunlight id their energy
6. Why are most marine organisms found in coastal regions? more life more heat closer to the sun
7. Why is dissolved oxygen important for marine organisms?
Just as we need air to breathe, aquatic organisms need dissolved oxygen to respire. It is necessary for the survival of fish, invertebrates, bacteria, and underwater plants. DO is also needed for the decomposition of organic matter.
8. How is salinity important for marine organisms? influence the amount of dissolved oxygen in an aquatic habitat.
9. Describe the different biomes. (tundra, grassland, forest, desert, marine, freshwater)
Marine
Freshwater
Desert: occur in any place that receives less than 25 centimeters of water per year.
Grassland: Temperate grasslands exist in flat inland areas of every continent.
Forests: Seasonal changes are distinct in temperate forests, and many of the plants and animals that live there have built adaptations for different seasons.
Tundra: Arctic tundras are located in the polar circles and subject to frigid temperatures. alpine tundras are located above the tree lines of many mountains and rarely have permafrost.

10. Describe how the changes in the temperature of water, during the change of season affect the organisms that live there? Dissolved oxygen?

4.03: Ecosystems
11. Describe primary succession.
In other words, it is the gradual growth of an ecosystem over a longer period.
12. Describe secondary succession. secondary succession is the succession that occurs after the initial succession has been disrupted and some plants and animals still exist. It is usually faster than primary succession
13. What are biotic factors? How can they affect the population dynamics? Give some examples.
Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem---the animals, plants and microorganisms. (Abiotic factors are the non living parts of an ecosystem.)

14. What are abiotic factors? How can they affect the population dynamics? Give some examples.
The population of a predator increases following an increase in the population of its prey.
15. What are invasive species? How can they affect a native population? they are species that dont belong in that food chain an take over the food chain
16. What is carrying capacity? What factors effect an ecosystems carrying capacity?

carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment
4.04: Impacts on Our Ecosystem
17. What are the impacts of catastrophic events?
Catastrophic Events caused by nature such as tornadoes or droughts effect the ecosystem greatly. These events impact the ecosystem both positively and negatively.
Floods for example impacts areas positively because of the large quantity of water the plants receive and the animals reproduce more, but