1) It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments. All stages have an oppressor and an oppressed group. At this point, a revolution occurs and a new class emerges as the ruling one. Marx predicted that these stages follow in order and once the working class proletariat realize their exploitation (by gaining class consciousness) they will revolt against the capitalists and opt for a socialist society.
2) Eventually, these classes would struggle against one another to the point where the class of workers would get large enough and oppressed enough that it would overthrow the bourgeoisie, seize the means of production from it and end the economic system known as capitalism.
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4) The primary ideas produced by the Enlightenment were those of freedom and natural rights and common law. Marx is no believer in every ones right to own property, and ownership of property.
Karl Kautsky
Social democaracy can only be achieved through a revolution but with no military means because the equipment the government troops have today is so much more superior that the weapons available to civilians. The expression of opposition is the weapon that we have available to us which wasn’t the case in the past. (freedopm of association, of press, and universal suffrage). The more effective the democratic institutions and the greater the political and economic awareness and self control og the citizens, the better are the chances that so-caled peaceful means of class struggle, those that limit themselves to non-violent means will be used.