transmitted by percutaneous and mucosal exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. The highest concentrations of virus are found in blood; however, only semen and saliva have been demonstrated to be infectious. HBV remains viable and infectious in the environment for at least 7 days and can be present in high concentrations on inanimate objects, even in the absence of visible blood (Cindy et al., 2008). Persons with chronic HBV infection are the major source of new infections, and the primary routes of HBV…
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