How Can Antibodies Be Used To Treat Cocaine Overdoses?

Submitted By hjalali16
Words: 1621
Pages: 7

Enzymes: How can antibodies be used to treat cocaine overdoses?

What cocaine?
Proteins are chains of aminoisacids
• An alkaloid metabolite found in the leaves of Erythroxylon coca

• Blocks removal of dopamine from synapses in the reward pathway of the central nervous system
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Cocaine is of amino our bodies by hydrolysis
Proteins are chains degraded inacids

Hydrolysis of cocaine yields two biologically inactive products

+H2O

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(Bio)chemical reactions progress through transition states (TS)
Proteins are chains of amino acids

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Transition chains of amino acids
Proteins are states are often different from reactant and products
How is cocaine different from its transition state in hydrolysis?

Transition state analog (TSA)

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Proteins are chains ofWhat are acids amino antibodies?
• Antibody (Ab) is a large Y‐shaped protein produced by B‐cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects
• Antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen

Is this a tertiary or quaternary structure?
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Production of chains of amino acids
Proteins areantibodies can be induced by injection of specific antigens

immunize with antigen

obtain antibody specific for antigen

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Discussion: How do antibodies help
Proteins are chains of amino acidsprevent cocaine overdose?

immunize with cocaine

challenge with excess cocaine

dies from overdose

immunize with cocaine
TSA

challenge with excess cocaine

survives

5 min

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Stabilization of transition state leads
Proteins are chains of amino acids to lower activation energy

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Enzymes catalyzes reactions by binding to and stabilizing TS
Proteins are chains of amino acids

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Enzymes are highly specific
Proteins are chains of amino acids catalysts
Enzyme = a protein (or RNA) that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction
Catalyst = enhances reaction rate without being consumed in the reaction

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Proteins are chainsMost drugs inhibit enzymes of amino acids
FDA orange book
• 1278 chemical entities approved for therapeutic use in the US
317 drugs act as enzyme inhibitors
78 target enzymes human 48 bacterial 13 viral 5 fungal 4 protozoal 1

http://www.fda.gov/cder/orange/obreadme.htm

When the first print edition of Approved Drug Products with
Therapeutic Equivalence
Evaluations was being prepared
October 1980, staff members had to choose a color for the cover. The project manager suggested, “It's almost
Halloween. How about orange?”

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Enzyme inhibitors are among
Proteins are chains of amino acids the top 20 drugs
Prescribed
1. Lipitor
2. Zocor
6. Nexium
11. Celebrex
17. Pravachol
20. Prevacid

Enzyme Target
HMG‐CoA reductase
HMG‐CoA reductase
Proton pump
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2)
HMG‐CoA reductase
Proton pump

2004 sales
$10.9 billion
$5.2 billion
$3.9 billion
$3.3 billion
$2.6 billion
$2.6 billion

COX‐1 and COX‐2

>100,000 tons

Over‐the‐counter
Aspirin

~30% of approved drugs are enzyme inhibitors
Understanding principles of enzyme inhibition has practical consequences
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HIV of amino acids
Proteins are chains maturation requires proteases
HIV proteins are made as polyproteins, which are then processed by HIV protease to form individual, functional proteins

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ProteinsDiscussion: How do HIV protease inhibitors function? are chains of amino acids
5 min
Indinavir

Amprenavir

Saquinavir

Ritonavir
Nelfinavir
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