Osteoporosis also known as porous bones is defined as the loss of bone mass in which the density and quality of bones are reduced, leading to bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. It is known as a ‘silent disease’ as the loss of bone occurs without symptoms and progressively. Bone is made of tough, elastic fibers and materials and it is a living tissue that makes up and resorbs bone. Osteoblasts are the cells that make the matrix of the bone while osteoclasts are cells that resorb bone. Both are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), estrogen, vitamin D, calcitonin and other factors. The bones are in constant state of renewal and younger person ideally in the adolescence makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone thus the
Osteoporosis is one of the major public health issues, worldwide including Malaysia. As the average life expectancy of the world’s population increases, so does the proportion of the population suffering from osteoporosis. According to Kinsella and Wan (2008), from 2010 to 2040, the world population ≥65 years of age will double from about 506 million in 2008 to 1.3 billion by 2040, accounting for 14% of the world’s total population; those aged 80 or older is projected to double from 2010 until 2050. Osteoporosis will affect the overall health, social interaction and productivity of a person’s life as the fractures occur can lead to disability. Women who fell more often after their fracture reported decreased social participation independent of their physical function (Miller et al, 2009). Reductions in quality of life were observed especially after hip, spine and upper leg fractures (Adachi et al,
Bones are living tissue. They have their own blood vessels which help them to growth. There are two types of bone tissues which are a hard outer layer called cortical and spongy inner layer called trabecular. The spongy bone consists of an open network that looks like air sacs. Spongy bone is much lighter than compact bone. Both compact and spongy tissue contains the same type of cells which are osteocytes, osteoblast, osteogenic and osteoclast. Both types of bone are alive and in a continuous state of being broken down and regenerated by the body. These 4 types of cells will help the bone remodeling. Remodeling is the process where is the old bone is removed and the new bone will