26.3
-Small Marxist group= Bolsheviks sought to change life in Russia through revolution. Led by Vladimir Lenin, bolshes wanted to overthrow czar so proletariat- the industrial workers- could gain power to rule Russia as a socialist country. Marx ideas
-burst of nationalism in Russia, but Russia ill prepared for war, factories not making ammo nation’s transportation system was weak, warfare equipment outdated
-Czar Nicholas II took personal command of Russian forces, decision made no sense, conditions worsened, left wife, Czarina Alexandra with proclaim holy main and healer, Grigory Rasputin , viewed as corrupt and immoral
-Revolutions start, czar orders Duma, Russia’s legislature, to disband, everyone refused to listen to him, forced to abdicate, or step down as czar, Russian monarchy ended.
-After, Duma established provisional or temporary government led by Aleksander Kerensky, many Russians unhappy of new leadership
-Bolshevism later know as Marxism-Leninism after leader Vladimir Lenin, Bloshevik revolution= Kerensky’s government collapsed Lenin became nation’s leader. Established radical Communist Program. Private ownership of land illegal, gave land to peasants, gave control of factories to workers, Russians gained more power.
- Lenin wanted to stop Russian involvement in WW1, sent Leon Trotsky, to negotiate for peace with central powers. Trotsky had to accept an agreement that was harsh on Russia. Russia finally gained peace, but was forced to give up huge chunks of it empire. Bolsheviks acceptance of treaty upset many Russians. Bolsheviks opponents=white army, received some military help from countries that opposed Bolsheviks, such as France and the Unites States. 3 years Lenin’s Bolsheviks and white army civil war.
- New Economic Policy- plan that permitted some capitalist activity, ex. Peasants could sell food for money.
- 1922, Russian economy beginning to improve. Same year, reunited with several neighboring lands part of Russian Empire before 1917, new country called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic-soviet union. Communist leadership
24.4
-Nicholas I -> Alexander II -> Alexander III -> Nicholas II
- Alexander II killed by radical of “People’s Will”
- Russia stretched far eastward and included many ethnic groups. Russian monarchs ruled with absolute power= czars= believed in autocracy, or government by one ruler w/ unlim power. Much of Russia’s population= serfs= agricultural workers who were considered part of the land on which they worked. Controlled by lord, not slaves because not legally considered property.
- group of Revolutionaries= Decembrists rebelled against government, refused to declare allegiance to new czar, Nicholas I, revolution failed, but sparked a