Jacob miles
P.7
Chapter 20 review
SECTION 1
1. Commonwealth – the Cromwell controlled parliament, known as the rump parliament, abolished the monarchy and the house of the lords. It proclaimed England a commonwealth or republic.
Constitution – a document outlining the basic laws and principles that govern a nation.
2. Charles I – a king who believed in the divine right of kings
Petition of right – a petition stating 4 ancient liberties, (1) the king could not tax the people without the agreement of parliament, (2) he could not declare martial law, (3) he could not board soldiers is private homes during peacetime, (4) he could not imprison a person without a specific charge.
Long parliament – the parliament that Charles convened on in 1640 that met on and off for 20 years
Cavaliers – Anglicans, Roman Catholics, nobles and other opponents of the parliament’s reforms.
Roundheads – puritans and other non-Anglican Protestants
Oliver Cromwell – a rising puritan leader
New model army – an army that Oliver Cromwell organized
Rump parliament – the Cromwell-controlled parliament
Navigation of 1651 – requiring that all goods shipped to England from other countries be carried by English ships or by ships of the producing country
3. 1640 – the long parliament convenes
1642 – The civil war began
1645 - New model army defeated Charles
1647 – Charles escaped
1649 – Charles was beheaded in front of palace
1651 – The navigation act was passed
1653 – Cromwell ruled England a lord protector
4. A: because he believed in the divine right of kings
B: it sparked it by informing England about political problems that they couldn’t fix
C: because Cromwell was used to being the one ruler of that entire country
5. Ireland would have supported Charles because of what he believed and how he ruled, and England would have supported Cromwell because he was their best ruler and he was able to fix what had gone wrong with Charles.

Section 2
1. Habeas corpus – act that protected individuals against unfair arrest and imprisonment
Cabinet – heads of government departments
Prime minister – ruler of a country
Limited constitutional monarchy – king and queen and parliament
2. Restoration – to be restored
Tories – political party that supported the Anglican Church
Whigs – political party that supported the parliament
James II – Charles II’s brother who came to the throne
William III – king of England when James fled
Mary II – William’s wife
Glorious revolution – the opponent of James II
Thomas hubbes – lived through the civil war
John Locke – another English philosopher
English bill of rights – declared that parliament would choose who would rule the country
Toleration act – granted some religious freedoms to dissenters
3. Monarch ↓ Parliament ↓ ↓ House of lords ↔ House of Commons
4. A: the Tories supported the Anglican church while the Whigs wanted a strong parliament + opposed having a catholic ruler
B: both Charles and James tried to expand Catholicism
C: the social contract was based on the exchange of individual liberty for group safety + social order
D: because parliament had most of the power
5. Parliament represented power while the monarch represented the people.

Section 3
1. Sea dogs – a group of English captains
2. John Cabot –a man who explored the coasts of the newfoundland, nova scotia and possibly new England
Sir Francis drake – a trader and pirate
Henry Hudson – one of the first to search the Northwest Passage
3. Great Britain
Silver
Gold Raw goods Manufactured goods
4. A: they could establish a better trade with England
B: more money was coming in and trade was booming
5. Because she thought it would