percent by 1789, indicating that every second affluent French farmer could neither read nor write by the time of the French Revolution. (The literacy levels of poorer farmers were not even examined in the first place, as they would have been even more sobering.) Literacy among the wives of the French farmers was as low as zero percent in 1680, slowly increasing to a mere ten percent by 1789. The fact that French farmers would partially take sides with the French clergy and nobility…
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