Chapter 22 Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Portuguese Exploration Originally for fishing Land hunger Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islands Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 The Lure of Trade Maritime routes to Asia Spices, silk, porcelain Silk roads more dangerous since spread of bubonic plague Prices, profits increase Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes African gold, ivory, slaves ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Missionary Efforts Franciscan, Dominican missionaries to India, central Asia and China Violent efforts with crusades, reconquista ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 The Technology of Exploration Chinese rudder introduced in twelfth century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales Work better with cross winds Navigational instruments Knowledge of winds, currents The volta do mar “Return through the sea” ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Portuguese Breakthroughs Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460) 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin Promoted exploration of west African coast Established fortified trading posts Storms and restless crew force return Vasco da Gama reaches India by this route, 1497 By 1500, a trading post at Calicut ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Believed Earth was smaller Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries (actually 10,000 miles) Portuguese kings do not fund proposed westward trip Fernando and Isabel of Spain, Italian bankers underwrite voyage Discovers Bahamas, Cuba ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Hemispheric Links Columbus tries three times, never reaches Asia But by early sixteenth century, several powers follow English, Spanish, French, Dutch Realization of value of newly discovered Americas ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 European Exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486-1498 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Circumnavigation of the Globe Vasco Nuñez de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while searching for gold in Panama, 1513 Distance to Asia unknown Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by Portuguese, sails in service of Spain Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of South America Crew assailed by scurvy, only 18 of 250 sailors return to Spain from journey Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippines ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Exploration of the Pacific Spanish build Philippines-Mexico trade route English, Russians look for northwest passage to Asia Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic circle Norwegian Roald Amundsen completes route only in twentieth century Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast of North America Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait James Cook (England) explores southern Pacific ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 European Exploration, Cook’s Voyages in the Pacific Ocean, 1519-1780, and Magellan’s Voyages ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Establishment of Trading-Post Empires Portuguese first to set up trading posts Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge duties Afonso d’Alboquerque major naval commander Fifty by mid-sixteenth century Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have hands amputated Yet Arab traders
