countries, was declared the most innovative US company from 1996 to 2001 by Fortune magazine, (including topping the ‘quality of management’ category in 2000), and yet in December 2001, filed for protection under Chapter 11 provisions. An enormously influential cast of competitive, ambitious players had a role, but to keep this exercise manageable, only the 4 key players will be referred to by name: Kenneth L. Lay, who was appointed chairman and chief executive in November 1985 of minor company that…
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