AGENDA o √ THE ATOM o √ THE PERIODIC TABLE
√ BIOMOLECULES: o √o PROTEINS
o√CARBOHYDRATES o√LIPIDS o√ASSIGNMENT
2
THE ATOM (OR
ELEMENT)
• GREEK FOR UN-DIVISIBLE
• SMALLEST UNIT OF AN ELEMENT THAT
MAINTAINS ITS IDENTITY OF THE ELEMENT
• ATOMS CAN BE CUT FURTHER, BUT THE LOSE
THEIR PREVIOUS IDENTITY
• ATOMS CAN BE COMBINED IN MANY WAYS
3
4
ORGANIC MOLECULES
• COMPOUNDS CONTAINING CARBON,
FOUND IN LIVING MATTER
• FORMED FROM FEW ELEMENTS
• CARBON (C), HYDROGEN (H), OXYGEN (O)
AND NITROGEN (N)…97.5% OF OUT BODY
• CALCIUM (CA) IN BONES, ~2%
• OTHER ELEMENTS INCLUDE: IRON (FE),
SODIUM (NA) AND POTASSIUM, ≤ 0.5%
5
Proteins are made of hundreds amino acids bonded together
Proteins are the “movers and shakers” of cells and form many cell structures
6
WHAT IS A PROTEIN?
• HAIR, SKIN, ENZYMES, HORMONES,
ETC.
• BUILT FROM AMINO ACIDS LINKED BY
PEPTIDE BONDS TO FORM
POLYPEPTIDES
• MORE THAN 100 AMINO ACIDS CAN
BE MADE IN THE LAB ONLY 20 ARE
FOUND IN LIVING CELLS
7
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Bonds joining amino acids are termed peptide bonds.
Water is removed when 1 amino acid is joined to another amino acid.
9
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• MICROSCOPIC
PROTEINS
• MACROSCOPIC PROTEINS
• VERY SMALL
• SINGLE AMINO ACIDS
• EXAMPLE
• L-GLUTAMINE, HELPS
MAINTAIN HEALTHY
MUSCLES (20 ATOMS)
• VERY LARGE
• MANY AMINO ACIDS
• EXAMPLE
• HEMOGLOBIN
C3032H4816O872N780S8FE4
(9512 ATOMS)
• GLOBULAR PROTEINS
11
PROTEIN IN YOUR DIET
12
Carbohydrates hydrated carbon: carbon atom with a water molecule
CHO with H:O ratio always 2 : 1 (carbo hydrate)
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Functions
1. Main source of energy for most cells
2. Storage of energy
3. Form cellular structures
13
Monosaccharides a single sugar units
One hydroxyl (OH) group per Carbon
14
Disaccharides
2 simple sugars bonded together with the removal of one molecule of water
15
Polysaccharides
Many simple sugars bonded together Examples:
Plant Starches
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
CARBOHYDRATES: STARCH VS. CELLULOSE
WE CAN DIGEST STARCH BUT NOT CELLULOSE, WHY IS
THIS?
17
Carbon compounds that are insoluble in water
Have very few or no oxygen atoms
Functions
1. Store energy
2. Form cellular structures
3. Form many hormones
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LIPIDS
• INCLUDE: FATS, WAXES, GREASES
AND OILS
• FORM CELL MEMBRANES AND STORE
ENERGY
• A FAT CONTAINS TWICE THE ENERGY
OF PROTEINS OR CARBOHYDRATES
• LIPIDS HAVE HYDROPHILIC (WATER
LOVER) HEADS AND HYDROPHOBIC
(WATER HATER) TAILS
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Role of Lipids in the Body: Phospholipids
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Phospholipid bilayer
• DETERMINES WHICH MOLECULES WILL PASS
THROUGH
• HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES PASS THROUGH READILY
• FATTY ACIDS, STEROID HORMONES,
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