Introduction ` The first antibiotic, penicillin was discover in 1929 by sir alexander fleming. He made the discovery will observing a staphylococci agar that was contained by penicillin mold. Sir Alexander flemming discover that the mold had a space or an area where the staphylococcus didn’t grow. That single observation lead to a multiple array of antibiotics that we use today. Since this discovery, we have found way to synthesis antibiotics from all source natural, synthetic, or both,. From year of antibiotic use, many bacteria have develop resistance that allow them to be unaffected .This emergences of resistance is what drives researcher to discover more effective antibiotics. In order to survive, organisms must rely on defense mechanisms that allow them to repair or escape the oxidative damage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Some bacteria produce the enzyme catalase which facilitates cellular detoxification. Catalase neutralizes the bactericidal effects of hydrogen peroxide and its concentration in bacteria has been correlated with pathogenicity
Method’s and materials For the antibiotic experiment we needed a Bunsen burner, Escherichia coli Sample plate, Bacillus cereus plate, ruler, pincer ,place mate , antibiotic disk : penicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and control disk. Frist, we laid the Escherichia coli plate on the place mate in order to see where the disk would go. Next, we placed the control disk in the center spot. We always sterilized the pincer by placing it over the flame and we allowed it to cool. After, we placed the other antibiotic in their respective spots. We sterilized after each application. Incubate o/n 32 degrees .We repeated the same steps for the Bacillus cereus plate. For the catalase experiment we needed a Bunsen burner, PBs, inoculating loop, 3 slides, hydrogen peroxide, and samples of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. Frist we add a drop of PBs to a slide. Then, we used the sterilized inoculating loop to place a sample of Bacillus cereus on to the slide. We added a drop of hydrogen peroxide and we watched for a reaction. We repeated the step using Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. We made sure to
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used, A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood. B) blood samples from theGenomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed. C) the two semen samples did not match the person who initially…
Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) was instituted in the early 1980s as a distinctive field of study to characterise the new synthesis of evolution hypothesis (Müller, 2007). Evo-devo is regarded as a new rule in evolutionary biology and a complement to neo-Darwinian theories. It has formed from the combination of molecular developmental biology and evolutionary molecular genetics; their integration has helped greatly to understand both of these fields. Evo-devo as a discipline has been…
Environmental Biology - conservation and management of natural resources using ecological principles Environmental Biology Throughout the years environmental issues have always caught my interest. Being from Boulder, Colorado one of the healthiest, cleanest cities in the world. I grew up with solar panels, windmills and an absurd amount of organic merchandise all in my backyard. But many people did not have this luxury and that is why environmentalists are struggling getting…
1. What is the purpose of digestion? The purpose of digestion is to break down the food ingested, into simpler substances or compounds that can be absorbed into the body and made available for cell function. Large insoluble food molecules are converted into small, soluble ones that can be transported into the blood stream and delivered to cells throughout the body. 2. What is the name given to mammals that eat only meat? Mammals that eat only meat are called carnivores. E.g. dogs, cats 3. What…
The Great Influenza: by John Barry The deadly pandemic of 1918 started in Haskell County, part of southwest Kansas. Birds are the main deliverers of the virus, and there is a close human-fowl relationship because of storms, tornadoes, and other harsh weather conditions in Haskell. The influenza virus has the ability to enter a cell and effectively hide from the immune system causing no other way out but death. The virus infects the respiratory system, meaning your nose, throat, bronchial tubes…
The macrophages engage the bacteria and set up a signal transduction system to activate the REL/NFKB transcription factors. REL/NFKB is blocked by IKB in the cytosol of that macrophage. Macrophage begins engulfment of bacteria and this activates a receptor to turn on a signal transduction cascade, which causes signal transduction leading to the degradation of IKB, which reveals the NLS AA sequence that is part of the REL/NFKB protein's sequences. So NLS carried by the Rel/NF-kB proteins is recognized…
John Jay High School AP Biology Summer 2013 Dear Future AP Biology Students: Welcome to AP Biology! It is hard to imagine that the school year is coming to a close and it is time to think about the 2013-14 school year. We are looking forward to another great year of AP Biology with another fantastic group of students. As you may know, there are some changes to the AP Biology program for 2013-2014, and we are ready! AP Biology is a challenging but very rewarding course and we will have…
Research Essay - Diabetes a deficiency disease All living organisms need food to survive. Food provides energy for all the body functions and the manufacture of cells. The food we eat is digested into nutrients using physical and chemical processes. The body can then absorb the nutrients into the blood stream. (BBC 2011) Sugar and fats are broken down into energy using enzymes such as amylase in the stomach. Protein in food breaks down into amino acids which are used to build muscles and form the…
Week 3 Biology Assignment How do living things get the energy from the sun? In my report I’ll explain how living things get energy from the sun. Energy is the capacity to do work. Light, heat, electricity, and motion are all forms of energy; some energy is lost through transfer or conversion. *(Biology Text book) Adenosine Triposphate (ATP) is an energy carrier. *(Biology Text Book) Autotrophs harvest energy directly from the environment, containing carbon from inorganic molecules.…
Bio 110 Essential life processes 1. Metabolism – The sum of all catabolic (breaking down) & anabolic (building up) processes that occur in the body. 2. Responsiveness – the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. 3. Movement – any form of motion including movement of the tiny sub cellular structures, or some movement inside of the cells. 4. Growth – increase in body size and this occurs due to an increase in the size of cells, number of cells or both factors combined. 5. Differentiation…
