Benefits of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in other Hospital Institutions

Reference
Intervention
Benefits/ Cost Savings
University of Maryland Medical Center (2012)1
- Antimicrobial monitoring team with ID pharmacist and physician
- prospective review of antimicrobial orders with intervention and education
- Cost savings: $2,949,705 for the first 3 years of program
- After discontinuation of program, costs rose by $1 million in 2009 and $863,184 in 2010

Kaiser Permanente Southern California, CA (2012)
- 12 month study with ASP team including an ID pharmacist and physician
-  quantify antimicrobial overuse and patient safety improvements 
- Drug acquisition cost savings: $384,985 in 12 months
- Reduced rate of hospital associated C. difficile in one site, estimated cost saving: $672,000
New York Hospital Queens Flushing, NY (2014)
- 5 month study with clinical pharmacist performing prospective review of antimicrobial orders with intervention
- Antibiotic-related savings: > $600,000
- decreased incidence of resistant infections by 8.7% to 40.7%
- relative reduction in adverse events by 38.0%
Skåne University Hospital in Malmö, Sweden (2014)
- 6 month study with an ID specialist visiting four geriatrics wards twice a week to give treatment recommendations
- 27% reduction in overall antibiotic use
- Relative reduction in infection-related readmissions by 40%
Hospital San Martin
Parand, Argentina (2003)
- Antimicrobial treatment committee with 2 pharmacists; developed guidelines to optimize antimicrobial use
- Cost savings: $913,236 during 18 months of intervention
- decrease in length of stay, antimicrobial resistance, drug consumption and inappropriate antibiotic prescribing
- 86.1% of cases involved less expensive antimicrobial therapy
Ohio State University Medical Center (2010)
- ID pharmacist interpreted rPCR test for S. aureus bacteremia and made recommendations
- mean hospital cost reduction: $21,387 per patient
- decrease in length of stay by 6 days per patient
University of Michigan Health System and College of Pharmacy (2013)
- Antimicrobial stewardship team led by an ID pharmacist analyzed MALDI-TOF results for bacteremia and made real-time changes to antibiotic therapy
- decrease in ICU length of stay by 6.6 days per patient
- relative reduction in all-cause mortality by 37.4% 

References:

1. Standiford HC et al. Antimicrobial stewardship at a large tertiary care academic medical center: Cost analysis before, during, and after a 7-year program. Infect Control Hospital Epidemiology 2012 Apr; 33:338.
2. Yu, Kalvin. Antimicrobial Stewardship with a Fulltime Pharmacist: Cost Savings, Patient Safety Improvement, and Reduction in Class Specific Antimicrobial Use in 12 Months. ID Week: Poster Abstract Session: Antibiotic Stewardship: Theory and Practice: October 19, 2012.
3. Antibiotic stewardship programs reduce costs, improve outcomes. American Society of Microbiology: 54th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), an infectious diseases meeting of the