Ordinary matter has negatively charged electrons circling a positively charged nuclei. Anti-matter has positively charged electrons - positrons - orbiting a nuclei with a negative charge - anti-protons. Only anti-protons and positrons are able to be produced at this time, but scientists in Switzerland have begun a series of experiments which they believe will lead to the creation of the first anti-matter element -- Anti-Hydrogen. The Research Early scientists often made two mistakes about anti-matter. Some thought it had a negative mass, and would thus feel gravity as a push rather than a pull. If this were so, the antiproton's negative mass/energy would cancel the proton's when they met and nothing would remain; in reality, two extremely high-energy gamma photons are produced. Today's theories of the universe say that there is no such thing as a negative mass. The second and more subtle mistake is the idea that anti-water would only annihilate with ordinary water, and could safety be kept in (say) an iron container. This is not so: it is the subatomic particles that react so destructively, and their arrangement makes no difference. Scientists at CERN in Geneva are working on a device called the LEAR (low energy anti-proton ring) in an attempt to slow the velocity of the anti-protons to a billionth of their normal speeds. The slowing of the anti-protons and positrons, which normally travel at a velocity of that near the speed of light, is neccesary so that they have a chance of meeting and combining into anti-hydrogen. The problems with research in the field of anti-matter is that when the anti-matter elements touch matter elements they annihilate each other. The total combined mass of both elements are released in a spectacular blast of energy. Electrons and positrons come together and vanish into high-energy gamma rays (plus a certain number of harmless neutrinos, which pass through whole planets without effect). Hitting ordinary matter, 1 kg of anti-matter explodes with the force of up to 43 million tons of TNT - as though several thousand Hiroshima bombs were detonated at once. So how can anti-matter be stored? Space seems the only place, both for storage and for large-scale production. On Earth, gravity will sooner or later pull any anti-matter into disastrous contact with matter. Anti-matter has the opposite effect of gravity on it, the anti-matter is 'pushed away' by the gravitational force due to its opposite nature to that of matter. A way around the gravity problem appears at CERN, where fast moving anti-protons can be held in a 'storage ring' around which they constantly move - and kept away from the walls of the vacuum chamber - by magnetic fields. However, this only works for charged particles, it does not work for anti-neutrons, for example.
The Unanswerable Question
Though anti-matter can be manufactured, slowly, natural anti-matter has never been found. In theory, we should expect equal amounts of matter and anti-matter to be formed at the beginning of the universe - perhaps some far off galaxies are the made of anti-matter that somehow became separated from matter long ago. A problem with the theory is that cosmic rays that reach Earth from far-off parts are often made up of protons or even nuclei, never of anti-protons or antinuclei. There may be no natural anti-matter anywhere. In that case, what happened to it? The most obvious answer is that, as predicted by theory, all the matter and anti-matter underwent mutual annihilation in the first seconds of creation; but why there do we still have matter? It seems unlikely that more matter than anti-matter should be formed. In this scenario, the matter would have to exceed the anti-matter by one part in 1000 million. An alternative theory is produced by the physicist M. Goldhaber in 1956, is that the universe divided into two parts after its formation - the universe that
Abortion A. Jonathan Glover, in his article Matters of Life and Death casts dispersions on both pro-abortion and anti-abortion debates citing them as too knee-jerk emotional reactions diminishing the inherent complexity of the other side (1. Glover, CC2006, p. 0110). Glover comprehensively addresses the key points of both sides of the abortion debate and evaluates their inherent virtues, especially for those who hold these opinions, then methodically points out its flaws. Ultimately, Glover comes…
will address how the affirmative’s plan would be a minor repair if it were to happen. II. State by state anti-bullying laws are taking place and treating bullying as a serious matter therefor the affirmative’s case is unavailing. III. Bullying in fact does exist but it is not being ignored. IV. This plan does not need to be put in place because the federal government is already active in anti-bullying state laws. I present to you again Evidence One from StopBullyng.gov: At present, no federal…
communications and radar array. It was also equipped with a very large docking and refueling hangar we hoped to use to help future missions with. Its last modification was a very large refracting telescope to study our solar system and the stars. It uses Anti-Matter propulsion technology for fuel. The second mission was the Survivor Space Cruiser. Unlike the discovery Survivor was not manned. It was sent out to the Outer Asteroid Belt and into the Thrite Cloud. On its way there it made some basic observances…
after only a few weeks of happiness, the Crisis on Infinite Earths intervenes, and Allen is captured by the Anti-Monitor and brought to 1985; according to the Anti-Monitor, the Fast was the only being capable of travelling to other universes at will, so the Anti-Monitor could not allow him to stay free. Allen escapes and foils the Anti-Monitor's plan to destroy the Earth with an anti-matter cannon, creating a speed vortex to draw the power in, but dies in the process as the power becomes too much…
has always been the basis for the anti- Christians. For example in, “Letter to a Christian Nation” the author is very anti Christian, and even brings up the fact that he has convinced many individuals to not believe in god. He then continues on throughout this letter bringing up topics such as: the bible, real morality, atheism, and violence caused by religion. With all of these topics he brings up an argument to counter Christianity. Then Jon Dudley, another anti Christian, brings up many arguments…
The Standard Model of the Atom In the times of the Greeks, Democritus was smashing things. He believed that there were particles that made up matter. If something is smashed enough, it reaches a point where it can’t go any smaller. These indestructible particles are called atoms and were hypothesized to exist. Now scientists have found parts of parts of atoms which have led them to the Standard Model of the atom to help them explain these particles and their interactions. It includes all of the…
leaves the decision up to Evey about bombing the parliament. Therefore V is a villain craving revenge on the government for what happened to him and also he wants to give the country a new beginning, starting with the government and parliament. An anti-hero is usually the protagonist and will have some of the following qualities; human frailties/flaws, disillusioned with society, seek redemption/revenge for his own satisfaction, think what’s right for him, misunderstood, noble criminal/vigilante…
on Earth is made up of small particles called "matter". Atoms, made of electrons and nuclei bound by the electromagnetic force, make up matter. The electrons have negative electric charge, and their mass is exceptionally small compared to the nuclei, which are made up of protons and neutrons. There are only two kinds of particles that are composed in the universe, viewed as the "elementary particles" of life. These basic building blocks of matter are leptons and quarks. Leptons were first discovered…
become pro-life. "The process is brutal and gruesome" she says, "You haven't seen the little feet. They look just like the little feet pushpins that the antis wear." As a former provider at the clinic she says, "if only half the people saw the fetal remains of a second trimester abortion, they would jump the fence into the antis arms." The "antis" being the pro-choice advocates of course. Its terrifyingly horrible tales like this one that support the fact that abortion shouldn't be a choice. Terminating…
identical jobs and functions, but in certain career fields, there are still certain positions that are being classified based specifically on the applicant’s gender even after all the laws that are imposed against doing so are in place such as anti-sexism and anti-discrimination. It just so happens that it is still going on in our workforce today usually behind the hiring employer’s closed doors. In addition, there has been a lot of criticisms and discussions as well regarding the classifications…